Inhibition of Fat Accumulation by Hesperidin in Caenorhabditis elegans

Hesperidin, abundant in citrus fruits, has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, radioprotective, and antiviral activities. However, relatively few studies on the effects of hesperidin on lipid metabolism have been reported. Here, using Caenorhaditis elegans as a model animal, we found that 100 μM hesperidin significantly decreased fat accumulation in both high-fat worms cultured in nematode growth medium containing 10 mM glucose (83.5 ± 1.2% versus control by Sudan Black B staining and 87.6 ± 2.0% versus control by Oil Red O staining; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and <i>daf-2</i> mutant worms (87.8 ± 1.4% versus control by Oil Red O staining; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, 50 μM hesperidin decreased the ratio of oleic acid/stearic acid (C18:1Δ9/C18:0) (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and supplementation of oleic acid could restore the inhibitory effect of hesperidin on fat accumulation. Hesperidin significantly downregulated the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, <i>fat-6</i>, and <i>fat-7</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and mutation of <i>fat-6</i> and <i>fat-7</i> reversed fat accumulation inhibited by hesperidin. In addition, hesperidin decreased the expression of other genes involved in lipid metabolism, including <i>pod-2</i>, <i>mdt-15</i>, <i>acs-2</i>, and <i>kat-1</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These results suggested that hesperidin reduced fat accumulation by affecting several lipid metabolism pathways, such as <i>fat-6</i> and <i>fat-7</i>. This study provided new insights into elucidating the mechanism underlying the regulation of lipid metabolism by hesperidin

Additional file 3: of Cross-talk between microtubules and the linker of nucleoskeleton complex plays a critical role in the adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells

Figure S3. Nuclear minor or major axis length changes. (A and B) Nuclear minor or major axis length changes at days 0, 4, 7, and 14 after adipogenic cocktail treatment. The length of the nuclear major or minor axis during adipogenic differentiation of hASCs at various time points. n > 30 cells; one-way ANOVA was performed: ***P < 0.001. (C and D) Nuclear minor or major axis length changes at days 0, 4, 7, and 14 after adipogenic cocktail treatment. The length of the nuclear major or minor axis after nocodazole or taxol treatment 14 days. n > 30 cells; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. (TIFF 190 kb

Additional file 7: of Cross-talk between microtubules and the linker of nucleoskeleton complex plays a critical role in the adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells

Figure S7. LINC complex disruption perturbs the perinuclear organization of MTs in hASCs. Immunofluorescence analysis of sun2-knockdown hASCs and GFP control. Cells were stained for Îą-tubulin (red), SUN2 (cherry), and DNA (blue). The box area with disturbed perinuclear MT network organization (Scale bar = 20 Îźm). In siControl cells, MTs appeared to be shorter, sparser, and were changed into a vacuolar structure, while in siSUN2 cells, MTs maintained the integrity and rarely disrupted. (TIFF 1876 kb

Additional file 8: of Cross-talk between microtubules and the linker of nucleoskeleton complex plays a critical role in the adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells

Figure S8. The size of SUN2-knockdown (siSUN2) ASCs. Software (ImageJ6) was used to measure the size of ASCs in the siSUN2 group and the siControl group. Error bars indicate SD. P > 0.05, n = 5 cells, one-way ANOVA. (TIFF 197 kb

Additional file 2: of Cross-talk between microtubules and the linker of nucleoskeleton complex plays a critical role in the adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells

Figure S2. Time points of adipogeneic induced experiments. (TIFF 59 kb

Hymenoptera species as pollen visitors of Plantago arabica (Plantaginaceae) in Jordan

The Plantaginaceae family has a wide distribution in Jordan during spring mainly in the northern and southern highlands and even in Jordan valley regions parallel to Jordan River. Plantago is one of the most important genera of the family with approx. 25 species. The objective of this work was to study the pollen morphology as well as to investigate the pollen visitors of Plantago arabica Boiss. Preliminary data indicate the presence of one species of stinging bee and three species of stingless bee as pollen visitors. The pollen of Plantago arabica Boiss. is pantoporate without annulus and operculum, circular, verrucate with few or no puncta, sexine scabrae, nexine surface is almost not well-defined as pollen ornamentation. In a word, Plantago arabica Boiss. as well as other Plantago species in Jordan produce a large amount of whitish polliniferous dust and constitutes a potential source of pollen for different species of bees, providing an interesting field for germination studies, insect-plant interactions and pollen morphology that are already under way