35 research outputs found
Spectrum-Dependent Spiro-OMeTAD Oxidization Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cells
We propose a spectrum-dependent mechanism
for the oxidation of 2,2ā²,7,7ā²-tetrakisĀ(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-di-<i>p</i>-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9ā²-spirobifluorene
(Spiro-OMeTAD) with bisĀ(trifluoromethane)Āsulfonimide lithium salt
(LiTFSI), which is commonly used in perovskite solar cells as the
hole transport layer. The perovskite layer plays different roles in
the Spiro-OMeTAD oxidization for various spectral ranges. The effect
of oxidized Spiro-OMeTAD on the solar cell performance was observed
and characterized. With the initial long-wavelength illumination (>450
nm), the charge recombination at the TiO<sub>2</sub>/Spiro-OMeTAD
interface was increased due to the higher amount of the oxidized Spiro-OMeTAD.
On the other hand, the increased conductivity of the Spiro-OMeTAD
layer and enhanced charge transfer at the Au/Spiro-OMeTAD interface
facilitated the solar cell performance
Engineering Three-Dimensionally Electrodeposited Si-on-Ni Inverse Opal Structure for High Volumetric Capacity Li-Ion Microbattery Anode
Aiming
at improving the volumetric capacity of nanostructured Li-ion battery
anode, an electrodeposited Si-on-Ni inverse opal structure has been
proposed in the present work. This type of electrode provides three-dimensional
bi-continuous pathways for ion/electron transport and high surface
area-to-volume ratios, and thus exhibits lower interfacial resistance,
but higher effective Li ions diffusion coefficients, when compared
to the Si-on-Ni nanocable array electrode of the same active material
mass. As a result, improved volumetric capacities and rate capabilities
have been demonstrated in the Si-on-Ni inverse opal anode. We also
show that optimization of the volumetric capacities and the rate performance
of the inverse opal electrode can be realized by manipulating the
pore size of the Ni scaffold and the thickness of the Si deposit
Effect of Surface Modification on Nano-Structured LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Spinel Materials
Fine-tuning of particle size and
morphology has been shown to result in differential material performance
in the area of secondary lithium-ion batteries. For instance, reduction
of particle size to the nanoregime typically leads to better transport
of electrochemically active species by increasing the amount of reaction
sites as a result of higher electrode surface area. The spinel-phase
oxide LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (LNMO), was
prepared using a solāgel based template synthesis to yield
nanowire morphology without any additional binders or electronic conducting
agents. Therefore, proper experimentation of the nanosize effect can
be achieved in this study. The spinel phase LMNO is a high energy
electrode material currently being explored for use in lithium-ion
batteries, with a specific capacity of 146 mAh/g and high-voltage
plateau at ā¼4.7 V (vs Li/Li<sup>+</sup>). However, research
has shown that extensive electrolyte decomposition and the formation
of a surface passivation layer results when LMNO is implemented as
a cathode in electrochemical cells. As a result of the high surface
area associated with nanosized particles, manganese ion dissolution
results in capacity fading over prolonged cycling. In order to prevent
these detrimental effects without compromising electrochemical performance,
various coating methods have been explored. In this work, TiO<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films were deposited
using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the surface of LNMO particles.
This resulted in effective surface protection by prevention of electrolyte
side reactions and a sharp reduction in resistance at the electrode/electrolyte
interface region
Modified Coprecipitation Synthesis of Mesostructure-Controlled Li-Rich Layered Oxides for Minimizing Voltage Degradation
Modified
carbonate coprecipitation synthesis without addition of chelating
agent is introduced to obtain mesostructure-controlled Li-rich layered
oxides. The designed mesostructure for target material Li<sub>1.2</sub>Ni<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.6</sub>O<sub>2</sub> has uniformly dispersed
spherical secondary particles with size around 3 Ī¼m. These micrometer-sized
particles consist of self-assembled crystallites with size of ā¼150
nm. This unique design not only decreases the surface area compared
with the sample with dispersive particles, but also increases overall
structural mechanical stability compared with the sample with larger
dense secondary particles as observed by transmission X-ray microscope.
As a result, the voltage decay and capacity loss during long-term
cycling have been minimized to a large extent. Our findings clearly
demonstrate that mesostructure design of Li-rich layered oxides play
a key role in optimizing this class of cathode materials. Surprisingly,
the voltage fading issue can be partially mitigated by such an approach
Improvement of the Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on P2-Na<sub>2/3</sub>Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>2/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> by Atomic Layer Deposition
Atomic layer deposition
(ALD) is a commonly used coating technique
for lithium ion battery electrodes. Recently, it has been applied
to sodium ion battery anode materials. ALD is known to improve the
cycling performance, Coulombic efficiency of batteries, and maintain
electrode integrity. Here, the electrochemical performance of uncoated
P2-Na<sub>2/3</sub>Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>2/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrodes
is compared to that of ALD-coated Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> P2-Na<sub>2/3</sub>Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>2/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrodes.
Given that ALD coatings are in the early stage of development for
NIB cathode materials, little is known about how ALD coatings, in
particular aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), affect the
electrodeāelectrolyte interface. Therefore, full characterizations
of its effects are presented in this work. For the first time, X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to elucidate the cathode
electrolyte interphase (CEI) on ALD-coated electrodes. It contains
less carbonate species and more inorganic species, which allows for
fast Na kinetics, resulting in significant increase in Coulombic efficiency
and decrease in cathode impedance. The effectiveness of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ALD coating is also surprisingly reflected in the enhanced
mechanical stability of the particle which prevents particle exfoliation
Self-Assembled Framework Formed During Lithiation of SnS<sub>2</sub> Nanoplates Revealed by in Situ Electron Microscopy
ConspectusLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) commercially dominate
portable energy
storage and have been extended to hybrid/electric vehicles by utilizing
electrode materials with enhanced energy density. However, the energy
density and cycling life of LIBs must extend beyond the current reach
of commercial electrodes to meet the performance requirements for
transportation applications. Carbon-based anodes, serving as the main
negative electrodes in LIBs, have an intrinsic capacity limitation
due to the intercalation mechanism. Some nanostructured carbon materials
offer very interesting reversible capacities and can be considered as
future anode materials. However, their fabrication processes are often
complicated and expensive. Theoretically, using a lithium metal anode
is the best way of delivering high energy density due to its largest
theoretical capacity of more than 3800 mAh g<sup>ā1</sup>;
however, lithium metal is highly reactive with liquid electrolytes.
Alternative anodes are being explored, including other lithium-reactive
metals, such as Si, Ge, Zn, V, and so forth. These metals react reversibly
with a large amount of Li per formula unit to form lithiumāmetal
alloys, rendering these materials promising candidates for next-generation
LIBs with high energy density. Though, most of these pure metallic
anodes experience large volume changes during lithiation and delithiation
processes that often results in cracking of the anode material and
a loss electrical contact between the particles.Nanosized metal
sulfides were recently found to possess better
cycling stability and larger reversible capacities over pure metals.
Further improvements and developments of metal sulfide-based anodes
rely on a fundamental understanding of their electrochemical cycling
mechanisms. Not only must the specific electrochemical reactions be
correctly identified, but also the microstructural evolution upon
electrochemical cycling, which often dictates the cyclability and
stability of nanomaterials in batteries, must be clearly understood.
Probing these dynamic evolution processes, i.e. the lithiation reactions
and morphology evolutions, are often challenging. It requires both
high-resolution chemical analysis and microstructural identification.
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electron
energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has recently been raised as one of
the most powerful techniques for monitoring electrochemical processes
in anode materials for LIBs.In this work, we focus on elucidating
the origin of the structural
stability of SnS<sub>2</sub> during electrochemical cycling by revealing
the microstructural evolution of SnS<sub>2</sub> upon lithiation using
in situ TEM. Crystalline SnS<sub>2</sub> was observed to undergo a
two-step reaction after the initial lithium intercalation: (1) irreversible
formation of metallic tin and amorphous lithium sulfide and (2) reversible
transformation of metallic tin to LiāSn alloys, which is determined
to be the rate-determining step. More interestingly, it was discovered
that a self-assembled composite framework formed during the irreversible
conversion reaction, which has not been previously reported. Crystalline
Sn nanoparticles are well arranged within an amorphous Li<sub>2</sub>S āmatrixā in this self-assembled framework. This nanoscale
framework confines the locations of individual Sn nanoparticles and
prevents particle agglomeration during the subsequent cycling processes,
therefore providing desired structural tolerance and warranting a sufficientelectron pathway. Our results not only explain the outstanding cycling stability of SnS<sub>2</sub> over metallic tin anodes, but also provide important mechanistic insights into the design of high-performance electrodes for next-generation LIBs through the integration of a unique nanoframework
Lithium Lanthanum Titanium Oxides: A Fast Ionic Conductive Coating for Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes
This work introduces LiāLaāTiāO
(LLTO), which
is a fast lithium-ion conductor, as an effective coating material
for cathode materials used in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
This fast Li-ion conductor is characterized by first-principles calculations
showing low activation barrier for lithium diffusion at various different
lithium concentrations. The morphology and the microstructure of the
pristine electrode and coated electrode materials are characterized
systematically, and we show clear evidence of the presence of the
coating after electrochemical cycling. The coated electrodes show
significantly improved rate capabilities and cycling performance,
compared to the pristine electrodes. The possible reasons for such
enhancements are explored experimentally using potentiostatic intermittent
titration technique (PITT), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS). Because of the high lithium conductivity in the LLTO coating
material, the chemical Li<sup>+</sup> diffusion coefficient is one
magnitude of order higher in the coated samples than that in the uncoated
samples. In addition, the impedances of both interfacial charge transfer
and Li<sup>+</sup> transportation in the solid-electrolyte-interphase
(SEI) layer are reduced up to 50% in the coated samples. Our findings
provide significant insights into the role of coating regarding the
improvements of electrochemical properties, as well as the potential
use of solid electrolyte as an effective coating material
Investigating the Energy Storage Mechanism of SnS<sub>2</sub>ārGO Composite Anode for Advanced Na-Ion Batteries
Tin sulfideāreduced
graphene oxide (SnS<sub>2</sub>-rGO)
composite material is investigated as an advanced anode material for
Na-ion batteries. It can deliver a reversible capacity of 630 mAh
g<sup>ā1</sup> with negligible capacity loss and exhibits superb
rate performance. Here, the energy storage mechanism of this SnS<sub>2</sub>-rGO anode and the critical mechanistic role of rGO will be
revealed in detail. A synergistic mechanism involving conversion and
alloying reactions is proposed based on our synchrotron X-ray diffraction
(SXRD) and <i>in situ</i> X-ray absorption spectroscopy
(XAS) results. Contrary to what has been proposed in the literature,
we determined that Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub> forms instead of Na<sub>2</sub>S at the fully discharge state. The as-formed Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub> works as a matrix to relieve the strain from the huge
volume expansion of the NaāSn alloy reaction, shown in the
high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). In addition,
the Raman spectra results suggest that the rGO not only assists the
material to have better electrochemical performance by preventing
particle agglomeration of the active material but also coordinates
with Na-ions through electrostatic interaction during the first cycle.
The unique reaction mechanism in SnS<sub>2</sub>-rGO offers a well-balanced
approach for sodium storage to deliver high capacity, long-cycle life,
and superior rate capability
Reusable Oxidation Catalysis Using Metal-Monocatecholato Species in a Robust MetalāOrganic Framework
An
isolated metal-monocatecholato moiety has been achieved in a
highly robust metalāorganic framework (MOF) by two fundamentally
different postsynthetic strategies: postsynthetic deprotection (PSD)
and postsynthetic exchange (PSE). Compared with PSD, PSE proved to
be a more facile and efficient functionalization approach to access
MOFs that could not be directly synthesized under solvothermal conditions.
Metalation of the catechol functionality residing in the MOFs resulted
in unprecedented Fe-monocatecholato and Cr-monocatecholato species,
which were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-band
electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and <sup>57</sup>Fe
MoĢssbauer spectroscopy. The resulting materials are among the
first examples of ZrĀ(IV)-based UiO MOFs (UiO = University of Oslo)
with coordinatively unsaturated active metal centers. Importantly,
the Cr-metalated MOFs are active and efficient catalysts for the oxidation
of alcohols to ketones using a wide range of substrates. Catalysis
could be achieved with very low metal loadings (0.5ā1 mol %).
Unlike zeolite-supported, Cr-exchange oxidation catalysts, the MOF-based
catalysts reported here are completely recyclable and reusable, which
may make them attractive catalysts for āgreenā chemistry
processes
Role of Amines in Thermal-Runaway-Mitigating Lithium-Ion Battery
Benzylamine (BA), dibenzylamine (DBA),
and trihexylamine (THA)
are investigated as thermal-runaway retardants (TRR) for lithium-ion
batteries (LIBs). In a LIB, TRR is packaged separately and released
when internal shorting happens, so as to suppress exothermic reactions
and slow down temperature increase. THA is identified as the most
efficient TRR. Upon nail penetration, 4 wt % THA can reduce the peak
temperature by nearly 50%. The working mechanisms of the three amines
are different: THA is highly wettable to the separator and immiscible
with the electrolyte, and therefore, it blocks lithium-ion (Li<sup>+</sup>) transport. BA and DBA decrease the ionic conductivity of
electrolyte and increase the charge transfer resistance. All three
amines react with charged electrodes; the reactions of DBA and THA
do not have much influence on the overall heat generation, while the
reaction of BA cannot be ignored