APOBEC3Bは骨髄腫細胞においてゲノム不安定性を促進する

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(医学)甲第22736号医博第4654号新制||医||1046(附属図書館)京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻(主査)教授 小川 誠司, 教授 武藤 学, 教授 滝田 順子学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Medical ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA

"Perverse Incentives of Loan Supply and the Violation of Absolute Priority Rule in Japan--Credit Crunch and Excessive Additional Loan--"(in Japanese)

As for recent Japanese bank behavior, there exist two inefficacies. One is credit crunch, that is, banks hesitate to lend money to new good projects. The other is excessive additional loan to bad-performing firms. These two perverse bank behaviors look like contradictive each other. In this paper, we explain these contradictive behaviors stem from the violation of the absolute priority rule (APR) among the stakeholders in Japan. Under the legal violation of priority rule, the borrowers with inefficient projects can finance from a new junior creditor, transferring the credit value of the senior creditor to the new junior one. In such a situation, it is the best behavior for the senior creditor, i.e. bank, which tries to protect the value of his senior credit, to finance the inefficient project by himself before the junior creditor might lend money. This behavior implies inefficient excessive additional loan. Furthermore, since banks expect not to avoid such ex-post inefficiency and the accompanied loss due to the violation of APR, they are unwilling to lend to the originally efficient project in ex-ante. This results in credit crunch.

Isomorphisms of Direct Products of Finite Commutative Groups

We have been working on the formalization of groups. In [1], we encoded some theorems concerning the product of cyclic groups. In this article, we present the generalized formalization of [1]. First, we show that every finite commutative group which order is composite number is isomorphic to a direct product of finite commutative groups which orders are relatively prime. Next, we describe finite direct products of finite commutative groups.The 1st author was supported by JSPS KAKENHI 21240001, and the 3rd author was supported by JSPS KAKENHI 22300285Okazaki Hiroyuki - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanYamazaki Hiroshi - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanShidama Yasunari - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanKenichi Arai, Hiroyuki Okazaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Isomorphisms of direct products of finite cyclic groups. Formalized Mathematics, 20(4):343-347, 2012. doi:10.2478/v10037-012-0038-5.Grzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):377-382, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. König’s theorem. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):589-593, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. Monoids. Formalized Mathematics, 3(2):213-225, 1992.Grzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 55-65, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. The modification of a function by a function and the iteration of the composition of a function. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):521-527, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Agata Darmochwał. Finite sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):165-167, 1990.Artur Korniłowicz. The product of the families of the groups. Formalized Mathematics, 7(1):127-134, 1998.Artur Korniłowicz and Piotr Rudnicki. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Formalized Mathematics, 12(2):179-186, 2004.Rafał Kwiatek. Factorial and Newton coefficients. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):887-890, 1990.Rafał Kwiatek and Grzegorz Zwara. The divisibility of integers and integer relatively primes. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):829-832, 1990.Beata Madras. Product of family of universal algebras. Formalized Mathematics, 4(1): 103-108, 1993.Andrzej Trybulec. Domains and their Cartesian products. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 115-122, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. Binary operations applied to functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (2):329-334, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. Many sorted sets. Formalized Mathematics, 4(1):15-22, 1993.Michał J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Groups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):821-827, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Subgroup and cosets of subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5): 855-864, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Classes of conjugation. Normal subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):955-962, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Lattice of subgroups of a group. Frattini subgroup. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):41-47, 1991.Wojciech A. Trybulec and Michał J. Trybulec. Homomorphisms and isomorphisms of groups. Quotient group. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):573-578, 1991.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (1):73-83, 1990

L-Arginine treatment may prevent tubulointerstitial nephropathy caused by germanium dioxide

L-Arginine treatment may prevent tubulointerstitial nephropathy caused by germanium dioxide.BackgroundLong-term oral ingestion of germanium dioxide (GeO2) causes progressive renal failure derived from tubulointerstitial nephropathy in humans and animals. The characteristic of GeO2-induced nephropathy is the renal tissue injury persisting for a long time, even after cessation of GeO2 ingestion. However, a treatment that can suppress the long-lasting renal tissue injury has not yet been established.MethodsUsing the methods of immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we examined the expression of ED1-positive cells (macrophages/monocytes), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mRNA and protein and collagen type IV mRNA and protein in the kidneys of rats with GeO2-induced nephropathy. Concomitantly, the effects of L-arginine treatment on their expression was explored in the kidneys of rats with GeO2-induced nephropathy.ResultsChronic administration of GeO2 caused tubulointerstitial nephropathy characterized by leukocyte invasion into the enlarged tubulointerstitial space in rats. The expression of ED1-positive cells, TGF-β1 protein and collagen type IV protein was markedly increased in the tubulointerstitium of the renal cortex from rats with GeO2-induced nephropathy. Similarly, TGF-β1 and collagen type IV mRNA were significantly enhanced in the renal cortex of rats with GeO2-induced nephropathy. A small number of tubulointerstitial cells expressing TGF-β1 protein were also observed in the renal cortex of rats with GeO2-induced nephropathy. However, L-arginine treatment led to a parallel decrease in the expression of ED1-positive cells, TGF-β1 mRNA and collagen type IV mRNA and protein in rats with GeO2-induced nephropathy.ConclusionsIn general, collagen synthesis is driven by TGF-β1 in the fibrotic process associated with a variety of renal disorders. TGF-β1 is secreted by TGF-β1 producing cells such as macrophages, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Thus, the present study indicates that the expression of collagen type IV may be mediated by TGF-β1 released from invading macrophages and, to a lesser extent, released from tubulointerstitial cells, presumably fibroblasts and/or myofibroblasts in GeO2-induced nephropathy. L-Arginine treatment inhibits collagen type IV synthesis possibly by suppressing macrophage invasion and the resultant TGF-β1 expression in this nephropathy. L-Arginine treatment may be beneficial in the prevention of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is considered to be the terminal stage of GeO2-induced nephropathy

Isomorphisms of Direct Products of Cyclic Groups of Prime Power Order

In this paper we formalized some theorems concerning the cyclic groups of prime power order. We formalize that every commutative cyclic group of prime power order is isomorphic to a direct product of family of cyclic groups [1], [18].Yamazaki Hiroshi - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanOkazaki Hiroyuki - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanNakasho Kazuhisa - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanShidama Yasunari - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanKenichi Arai, Hiroyuki Okazaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Isomorphisms of direct products of finite cyclic groups. Formalized Mathematics, 20(4):343-347, 2012. doi:10.2478/v10037-012-0038-5.Grzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):377-382, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. Monoids. Formalized Mathematics, 3(2):213-225, 1992.Grzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 55-65, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Agata Darmochwał. Finite sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):165-167, 1990.Andrzej Kondracki. Basic properties of rational numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5): 841-845, 1990.Artur Korniłowicz. The product of the families of the groups. Formalized Mathematics, 7(1):127-134, 1998.Jarosław Kotowicz. Convergent real sequences. Upper and lower bound of sets of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):477-481, 1990.Rafał Kwiatek. Factorial and Newton coefficients. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):887-890, 1990.Rafał Kwiatek and Grzegorz Zwara. The divisibility of integers and integer relatively primes. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):829-832, 1990.Beata Madras. Product of family of universal algebras. Formalized Mathematics, 4(1): 103-108, 1993.Hiroyuki Okazaki, Hiroshi Yamazaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Isomorphisms of direct products of finite commutative groups. Formalized Mathematics, 21(1):65-74, 2013. doi:10.2478/forma-2013-0007.Dariusz Surowik. Isomorphisms of cyclic groups. Some properties of cyclic groups. Formalized Mathematics, 3(1):29-32, 1992.Andrzej Trybulec. Domains and their Cartesian products. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 115-122, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. On the sets inhabited by numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 11(4): 341-347, 2003.Andrzej Trybulec. Many sorted sets. Formalized Mathematics, 4(1):15-22, 1993.Michał J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Groups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):821-827, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Subgroup and cosets of subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5): 855-864, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Classes of conjugation. Normal subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):955-962, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Lattice of subgroups of a group. Frattini subgroup. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):41-47, 1991.Wojciech A. Trybulec and Michał J. Trybulec. Homomorphisms and isomorphisms of groups. Quotient group. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):573-578, 1991.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (1):73-83, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990

Conservation Rules of Direct Sum Decomposition of Groups

In this article, conservation rules of the direct sum decomposition of groups are mainly discussed. In the first section, we prepare miscellaneous definitions and theorems for further formalization in Mizar [5]. In the next three sections, we formalized the fact that the property of direct sum decomposition is preserved against the substitutions of the subscript set, flattening of direct sum, and layering of direct sum, respectively. We referred to [14], [13] [6] and [11] in the formalization.Nakasho Kazuhisa - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanYamazaki Hiroshi - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanOkazaki Hiroyuki - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanShidama Yasunari - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanGrzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):377-382, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal arithmetics. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):543-547, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Andrzej Trybulec. Miscellaneous facts about functions. Formalized Mathematics, 5(4):485-492, 1996.Grzegorz Bancerek, Czesław Byliński, Adam Grabowski, Artur Korniłowicz, Roman Matuszewski, Adam Naumowicz, Karol Pąk, and Josef Urban. Mizar: State-of-the-art and beyond. In Manfred Kerber, Jacques Carette, Cezary Kaliszyk, Florian Rabe, and Volker Sorge, editors, Intelligent Computer Mathematics, volume 9150 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 261-279. Springer International Publishing, 2015. ISBN 978-3-319-20614-1. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20615-8 17.Nicolas Bourbaki. Elements of Mathematics. Algebra I. Chapters 1-3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, 1989.Czesław Byliński. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 55-65, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Artur Korniłowicz. The product of the families of the groups. Formalized Mathematics, 7(1):127-134, 1998.Serge Lang. Algebra. Springer, 3rd edition, 2005.Kazuhisa Nakasho, Hiroshi Yamazaki, Hiroyuki Okazaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Definition and properties of direct sum decomposition of groups. Formalized Mathematics, 23 (1):15-27, 2015. doi:10.2478/forma-2015-0002.D. Robinson. A Course in the Theory of Groups. Springer New York, 2012.J.J. Rotman. An Introduction to the Theory of Groups. Springer, 1995.Andrzej Trybulec. Binary operations applied to functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (2):329-334, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Subgroup and cosets of subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5): 855-864, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec and Michał J. Trybulec. Homomorphisms and isomorphisms of groups. Quotient group. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):573-578, 1991.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (1):73-83, 1990

Pollen Grain Counting Using a Cell Counter

The number of pollen grains is a critical part of the reproductive strategies in plants and varies greatly between and within species. In agriculture, pollen viability is important for crop breeding. It is a laborious work to count pollen tubes using a counting chamber under a microscope. Here, we present a method of counting the number of pollen grains using a cell counter. In this method, the counting step is shortened to 3 min per flower, which, in our setting, is more than five times faster than the counting chamber method. This technique is applicable to species with a lower and higher number of pollen grains, as it can count particles in a wide range, from 0 to 20,000 particles, in one measurement. The cell counter also estimates the size of the particles together with the number. Because aborted pollen shows abnormal membrane characteristics and/or a distorted or smaller shape, a cell counter can quantify the number of normal and aborted pollen separately. We explain how to count the number of pollen grains and measure pollen size in Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis kamchatica, and wheat (Triticum aestivum)