Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Reduction Efficiency And Kinetic Evaluation Of Anaerobic Digestion Process Of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) In Anaerobic Bench Scale Reactor (ABSR) [TD756.45. W872 2007 f rb].

Keberkesanan pengurangan COD pengolahan air sisa kilang kelapa sawit dalam reaktor anaerobik secara skala makmal telah dijalankan dengan pelbagai jenis aliran yang terdiri daripada 0.63, 0.76, 0.95, 1.27, 1.9 dan 3.8 liter air sisa kilang kelapa sawit untuk setiap hari kajian. The COD reduction efficiency of ABSR for the treatment of POME waste water was conducted by a series of continuous experiments using feed flow rates of 0.63, 0.76, 0.95, 1.27, 1.9 and 3.8 liters of raw POME per day, which correspond to the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10 days

Production Of Biogas And Fatty Acids Phase Behaviour From Palm Oil Mill Effluent Via Thermophilic And Mesophilic Anaerobic Suspended Growth Degradation Process

Anaerobik proses degradasi air sisa kilang kelapa sawit (POME) telah dilaksanakan pada suhu termofilik (550C) dan mesofilik (350C) dalam bioreaktor tertutup anaerobik pertumbuhan terampai (ASGCB). Satu siri eksperimen yang berterusan yang menggunakan suapan aliran-kadar pada 0.58, 0.70, 0.88, 1.17 dan 1.75 liter air sisa mentah POME untuk setiap hari kajian telah dikendalikan dalam termofilik dan mesofilik ASGCB. The anaerobic degradation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was carried out under thermophilic (550C) and mesophilic (350C) temperature in anaerobic suspended growth closed bioreactors (ASGCB). The termophilic and mesophilic ASGCB were operated by a series of continuous experiments using feed flow-rates of 0.58, 0.70, 0.88, 1.17 and 1.75 liters of raw POME wastewater per day, which correspond to hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24, 20, 16, 12 and 8 days

Characteristics of biofilm formation from mixed microflora at mesophilic and thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production / Lam Wai Fung

Biofilm-based systems have been extensively used as immobilized cell systems as they enhance the reaction rates and population dynamics. Therefore, this study was done to characterize the biofilm formation from anaerobic sludge for fermentative hydrogen (H2) production at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. This study has been focusing on the development of mixed microflora biofilms whereby the physical and chemical characteristics of the biofilm will be studied. Several tests were done to characterize the biofilm formation, which included the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to test the functional group present in the immobilized cell, analysis on the gas produced by the immobilised cells using a gas analyser, and lastly analysis on the chemical compositions presence in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of biofilm. This study had identified that the highest amount of gas collected which representing hydrogen is 470 ppm with the condition of 60 °C with GAC. From the FTIR analysis, the functional group exist in two peak 3308.3cm-1 and 1637.12cm-1 are the hydroxyl (O-H) group and the combination of C–N + N–H groups in proteins respectively. The transmission of each peak from the FTIR result, and the concentration of the carbohydrate and protein in the extracted EPS had increased with the increasing of the fermentation day, indicates that the physical and chemical properties of the EPS may change more than expected during biofilm growth and alteration

SEMI-BATCH OPERATED CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS PLANTED WITH PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS FOR TREATMENT OF DYEING WASTEWATER

The objective of present study is to evaluate the using of constructed wetland under semi-batch operation for the treatment of azo dye Acid Orange 7 (AO7) containing wastewater. The emergent plant selected in our study was Phragmites australis. Toxic signs were observed at the Phragmites australis after the addition of AO7 into the wetland reactors but it can adapt to the wastewater as shown in the increase of stem as the operation continue. Our result shows that the artificial aeration and the presence of Phragmites australis had a significant impact on the removal of organic matters, AO7, aromatic amines and NH4-N. The COD removal efficiency in the aerated and non-aerated wetland reactors was 95 and 62%, respectively. The NH4-N removal efficiency in the aerated wetland reactor (86%) was significantly higher than the non-aerated wetland reactor (14 %). All wetland reactors show high removal efficiency of AO7 (> 94%) but only the aerated wetland reactor perform better in the removal of aromatic amines

Enhanced photodegradation of phenol by ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through sol-gel method

Zinc oxide (ZnO) utilization in advanced oxidation process (AOP) via solar-photocatalytic process was a promising method for alternative treating wastewater containing phenol. The ZnO photocatalyst semiconductor was synthesized by sol-gel method. The morphology of the ZnO nanostructures was observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the crystallite phase of the ZnO was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The objective of this study was to synthesis ZnO nanoparticles through a sol-gel method for application as a photocatalyst in the photodegradation of phenol under solar light irradiation. The photodegradation rate of phenol increased with the increasing of ZnO loading from 0.2 until 1.0 g. Only 2 h were required for synthesized ZnO to fully degrade the phenol. The synthesized ZnO are capable to totally degrade high initial concentration up until 45 mg L-1 within 6 h of reaction time. The photodegradation of phenol by ZnO are most favoured under the acidic condition (pH3) where the 100% removal achieved after 2 h of reaction. The mineralization of phenol was monitored through chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and 92.6% or removal was achieved. This study distinctly utilized natural sunlight as the sole sources of irradiation which safe, inexpensive; to initiate the photocatalyst for degradation of phenol

Decolorization and mineralization of batik wastewater through solar photocatalytic process

In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of batik wastewater in the presence of zinc oxide (ZnO) as photocatalyst was investigated. The effect of various operating parameters, such as pH of batik wastewater, catalyst dosage and aeration on the photocatalytic degradation process, was examined. The mineralization of batik wastewater was also evaluated through chemical oxygen demand analysis. The decolorization of batik wastewater was enhanced at acidic conditions (pH3) which was 88.2% after 10 h irradiated under solar light, meanwhile its mineralization was 286 mg/L after 12 h irradiation time. The data obtained for photocatalytic degradation of batik wastewater was well fitted with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. It can be concluded that batik wastewater could be decolorized and mineralized under solar light irradiation with presence of ZnO

Key lifestyles and health outcomes across 16 prevalent chronic diseases: a network analysis of an international observational study

Background: Central and bridge nodes can drive significant overall improvements within their respective networks. We aimed to identify them in 16 prevalent chronic diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to guide effective intervention strategies and appropriate resource allocation for most significant holistic lifestyle and health improvements. Methods: We surveyed 16 512 adults from July 2020 to August 2021 in 30 territories. Participants self-reported their medical histories and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on 18 lifestyle factors and 13 health outcomes. For each disease subgroup, we generated lifestyle, health outcome, and bridge networks. Variables with the highest centrality indices in each were identified central or bridge. We validated these networks using nonparametric and case-dropping subset bootstrapping and confirmed central and bridge variables' significantly higher indices through a centrality difference test. Findings: Among the 48 networks, 44 were validated (all correlation-stability coefficients >0.25). Six central lifestyle factors were identified: less consumption of snacks (for the chronic disease: anxiety), less sugary drinks (cancer, gastric ulcer, hypertension, insomnia, and pre-diabetes), less smoking tobacco (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), frequency of exercise (depression and fatty liver disease), duration of exercise (irritable bowel syndrome), and overall amount of exercise (autoimmune disease, diabetes, eczema, heart attack, and high cholesterol). Two central health outcomes emerged: less emotional distress (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eczema, fatty liver disease, gastric ulcer, heart attack, high cholesterol, hypertension, insomnia, and pre-diabetes) and quality of life (anxiety, autoimmune disease, cancer, depression, diabetes, and irritable bowel syndrome). Four bridge lifestyles were identified: consumption of fruits and vegetables (diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, and insomnia), less duration of sitting (eczema, fatty liver disease, and heart attack), frequency of exercise (autoimmune disease, depression, and heart attack), and overall amount of exercise (anxiety, gastric ulcer, and insomnia). The centrality difference test showed the central and bridge variables had significantly higher centrality indices than others in their networks (P < 0.05). Conclusion: To effectively manage chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, enhanced interventions and optimised resource allocation toward central lifestyle factors, health outcomes, and bridge lifestyles are paramount. The key variables shared across chronic diseases emphasise the importance of coordinated intervention strategies

Global impacts of Covid-19 on lifestyles and health and preparation preferences: an international survey of 30 countries

Background: The health area being greatest impacted by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and residents' perspective to better prepare for future pandemic remain unknown. We aimed to assess and make cross-country and cross-region comparisons of the global impacts of COVID-19 and preparation preferences of pandemic. Methods: We recruited adults in 30 countries covering all World Health Organization (WHO) regions from July 2020 to August 2021. 5 Likert-point scales were used to measure their perceived change in 32 aspects due to COVID-19 (-2 = substantially reduced to 2 = substantially increased) and perceived importance of 13 preparations (1 = not important to 5 = extremely important). Samples were stratified by age and gender in the corresponding countries. Multidimensional preference analysis displays disparities between 30 countries, WHO regions, economic development levels, and COVID-19 severity levels. Results: 16 512 adults participated, with 10 351 females. Among 32 aspects of impact, the most affected were having a meal at home (mean (m) = 0.84, standard error (SE) = 0.01), cooking at home (m = 0.78, SE = 0.01), social activities (m = -0.68, SE = 0.01), duration of screen time (m = 0.67, SE = 0.01), and duration of sitting (m = 0.59, SE = 0.01). Alcohol (m = -0.36, SE = 0.01) and tobacco (m = -0.38, SE = 0.01) consumption declined moderately. Among 13 preparations, respondents rated medicine delivery (m = 3.50, SE = 0.01), getting prescribed medicine in a hospital visit / follow-up in a community pharmacy (m = 3.37, SE = 0.01), and online shopping (m = 3.33, SE = 0.02) as the most important. The multidimensional preference analysis showed the European Region, Region of the Americas, Western Pacific Region and countries with a high-income level or medium to high COVID-19 severity were more adversely impacted on sitting and screen time duration and social activities, whereas other regions and countries experienced more cooking and eating at home. Countries with a high-income level or medium to high COVID-19 severity reported higher perceived mental burden and emotional distress. Except for low- and lower-middle-income countries, medicine delivery was always prioritised. Conclusions: Global increasing sitting and screen time and limiting social activities deserve as much attention as mental health. Besides, the pandemic has ushered in a notable enhancement in lifestyle of home cooking and eating, while simultaneously reducing the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. A health care system and technological infrastructure that facilitate medicine delivery, medicine prescription, and online shopping are priorities for coping with future pandemics

Study on Molasses Concentration from Sugarcanne Bagasse for Biohydrogen Production using Enriched Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Immobilised Cells by Repeated Batch Cultivation

Repeated batch cultivation is known as most attractive method in improving hydrogen productivity, due to the facts that this approach could minimize the reuse of the cell and the inoculum preparation. In addition, with the combination of attach growth system during the fermentation processes to produce biohydrogen, the density of cells will be increased and the cell washout could be avoided. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of repeated batch cultivation for enrichment of anaerobic mixed culture onto granular activated carbon (GAC) and investigate the effect of molasses concentration during immobilization of mixed culture onto the GAC. The molasses concentration using 50 %, 40 %, 30 %, 20 % and 10 % of diluted molasses were used as feedstock in the fermentation process. The maximum hydrogen production of 60 ml was obtained at 30 % of molasses concentration with 831 ppm of hydrogen concentration. Thus, the kinetic parameter obtained from the batch profiling based on modified Gompertz equation are, Hm= 58 ml for the maximum hydrogen production and Rm= 2.02 ml/h representing the hydrogen production rate

Study on Molasses Concentration from Sugarcanne Bagasse for Biohydrogen Production using Enriched Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Immobilised Cells by Repeated Batch Cultivation

Repeated batch cultivation is known as most attractive method in improving hydrogen productivity, due to the facts that this approach could minimize the reuse of the cell and the inoculum preparation. In addition, with the combination of attach growth system during the fermentation processes to produce biohydrogen, the density of cells will be increased and the cell washout could be avoided. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of repeated batch cultivation for enrichment of anaerobic mixed culture onto granular activated carbon (GAC) and investigate the effect of molasses concentration during immobilization of mixed culture onto the GAC. The molasses concentration using 50 %, 40 %, 30 %, 20 % and 10 % of diluted molasses were used as feedstock in the fermentation process. The maximum hydrogen production of 60 ml was obtained at 30 % of molasses concentration with 831 ppm of hydrogen concentration. Thus, the kinetic parameter obtained from the batch profiling based on modified Gompertz equation are, Hm= 58 ml for the maximum hydrogen production and Rm= 2.02 ml/h representing the hydrogen production rate