Comparison of fermentation kinetics (in vitro) of grass and shrub legume leaves: The pattern of gas production, organic matter degradation, pH and NH3 production

Rumen microbes convert carbohydrate in a feed into useful product such as VFA, microbial protein and B-vitamin; and some waste products such as CH4 and CO2. The amount and pattern of each product depend on the type of feed consumed by the animal. High fiber diet produces high gas and VFA, while high protein diet produce high NH3. Two types of feeds, grass and legume, have different cell structure and content, thus might have different pattern of rumen fermentation and product. In vitro method developed by Theodorou and Brooks was used to determine the pattern of rumen fermentation end product of two types of feeds, namely grass and legume. Result shows that legume has higher amount of OM degraded and produce higher amount of NH3 compared to grass. On the basis of OM degraded, the grass yielded higher volume of gas than that of legume. The two types of feeds did not change the pH of rumen fluid

Mitigation of Enteric Methane Emission through Feed Modification and Rumen Manipulation

The major of  gas emission in the livestock  sector are in the form of methane produced by microbial activity in the rumen. The emission of methane cause global warming and is predicted to keep increasing. Feed modification and rumen manipulation are important ways that can be used to mitigate methane emission. Based on this condition, this paper aims to describe several ways to mitigate methane emission using feed and rumen modification for smallholder farmers. Feed modification can be done using high Non-Fiber Carbohydrate (NFC) content in feed and also using balance nutrient feed. Meanwhile, rumen modification can be done through inlcusion of feed additive, microbial products, and oils. Providing feed contains high NFC as much as 21.8-53%DM would decrease methane emission by 3.03-28.33%. While providing feed contains balance nutrients would potentially decrease 21.87% of methane emission. Feed additive addition as much as 0.0011-12%DM decreased 0.59-78% of methane emission. Bacterial inclusion as much as 0.7x108 – 3,6x1011CFU decreased 0- 18.57% of methane emission. Oil or fat inclusion as much as 6%DM decreased 6.02-24.53% of methane emission. A combination of methods can be used to optimize methane mitigation and it can be applicable for farmers to raise their livestock in friendly environment

Effect of Combined Probiotics (Saccharomyces Cerevisae + Candida Utilis) and Herbs on Carcass Characteristics of Swamp Buffalo

A feedlot trial was conducted to study the effect of probiotics + herbs on carcass characteristics. Thirty male swamp buffaloes aged 2–2.5 years with the average body weight of 297 kg were used in this trial. They were fattened for 75 days to reach a slaughter weight of around 350–400 kg. They were divided into two groups of 15 animals in each group, and were placed in a shaded paddock. The groups were the control and the treated animals. The treated animals were given a supplementation containing combined yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae and Candida utilis), and herbs. All animals were fed basal diet of ammoniated rice straw and commercial concentrate with a ratio of 10: 90. There was no effect of probiotics+herbs on live weight gain, percentage of carcass, dressing, meat and by products, back fat thickness and eye muscle area. Addition of probiotics+herbs increased proportion of bone, reduced meat : bone ratio, body fat and proportion of offal. Although body fat content was reduced by the treatment, the compositions of fat were similar between the control and treated animals. (Animal Production 12(2): 69-73 (2010

Glucose Metabolism in Sheep Fed Grass Supplemented with Gliricidia Sepium

The limiting factor on improving ruminant production for most of the available feed in developing countries are low in quality. Therefore high fibre diet must be supplemented by high nutritivefeed such as leguminous trees that much available in those regions. Gliricidia sepium was one of very potential candidates. Glucose as a major energy source in fed animals required precursor in form of propionat and amino acids from diet. Those precursors might be supplied by these legume leaves. The aim of this research was to investigate the glucose metabolism in the sheep fed grass supplemented by Gliricidia sepium. Fifteen sheeps (18 months old) were used in the experiment. Theseare were divided into three groups that fed by experimental diet of Mitchell grass (MG group), Gliricidia(GS group), and MG supplemented with GS (MGGS group). D-[U-14C]glucoseinfusate was infused continuously through the left jugular venous catheter of each animal to measure glucose metabolism in those sheeps. The measurements were done on feed utilisation and glucose metabolism. The results indicated that there was an improvement in efficiency of feed utilisation in the MGGS group as reflected by lower feed conversion ratio by the group. Plasma glucose concentration profile per unit of OM intake were similar for GS and MGGS groups, but higher than that in the MG group (P<0.01). Glucose entry rate (GER) increased in MG group through GS to the MGGS group, while N retention accordingly was increased. It can be concluded that theutilization of GS by the ruminant animal could be improved by feeding it with a low quality feed at a ratio of 40:60 (GS:Low quality feed) to achieve an NI:DOMI ratio of 0.03 - 0.04. This improvement would be manifested in increasing DOMI, with subsequent increase in GER or net protein deposition as might be expressed in positive N retention. Received: 8 October 2014; Revised: 12 December 2014; Accepted: 24 December 2014 

Etnobotani Tanaman Hias Dalam Kotamadya Bogor

Sejak semula Kebun Raya Bogor - LBN selalu aktif mendatangkan dan tnemperkenalkan jenis-jenis tanaman baru, baik dari luar negeri maupun dari hutan belantara Indonesia sendiri.Kegiatan ini telah mempengaruhi keanekaragaman jenis tanaman yang dipakai penduduk kota madya Bogor dalam menghias halaman dan pekarangan rumahnya,karena mereka mendapat kesempatan pertama untuk mencobakan hasil jerih payah Kebun Raya Bogor itu. Selain itu baik keadaan flsik maupun iklim kota Bogor (ketinggian 190 - 280 m dpi.,rata-rata suhu bulanan 24-26°C, kelembaban udara 76 - 86%,penyinaran matahari 62%,kecepatan angin 1.3 m/detik,curah hujan 4122 mm/ tahun) sangatlah ideal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman.Karenanya tidaklah mengherankan jika lebih dari 625 jenis tanaman telah,dipakai oleh warga kota Bogor sebagai tanaman hias (Widiawati & Rifai 1975).Ini menunjukkan suatu jumlah yang besar mengingat bahwa Bruggeman (1948) hanya mencatat lebih kurang 750 jenis tanaman hias untuk seluruh Indonesia

Amino Acids Metabolism in the Muscle of Sheep fed with Mitchell Grass Hay Supplemented with Gliricidia sepium

Leaf of Gliricidia sepiumcontains high amino acid that required for protein synthesis in the muscle. Supplementation of the legume leaves to low quality basal diet would improves amino acids amount to obtain an optimum growth of animal. The aim of experiment was to investigate the effect of Gliricidia sepium leaves supplementation to low quality basal diet on protein synthesis in muscle of animal. Eighteen sheeps were divided into three groups based on live weight (27.6 ± 1.72, 27.1 ± 2.26 and 27.5 ± 1.56 kg) of feed treatment, namely Mitchell grass hay (MG), Gliricidia (GS),and haycombined with Gliricidia (MGGS). All the dietwas offered with the amount was determined to meet the maintenance metabolizable energy (ME) requirement of the animals. Feed utilization and amino acid metabolism in muscle of sheep was measured with radioactively labeled leucine, water and sodium bicarbonate. Results indicated that sheepin MG group had a negative energy balance, whereas sheep in MGGS group had the highest amount of ME available for growth. The rate of protein synthesis was higher in the MGGS group and tended to take up these amino acids in their hind-limb muscles, while animalsin MG and GS groups tended to have net outputs of amino acids from their hind-limb muscles. Animals in the MGGS group synthesised more protein in their muscle than those in the GS and MG groups. It was concluded that the supplementation of Gliricidia at a ratio of 40:60improved feed utilization of low quality basal diet. The improvement would be manifested in better digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) with subsequent better utilization of amino acids

Respon Fisiologis Itik Mojosari Jantan dengan Pemberian Ransum Berkadar Protein Kasar Berbeda

The purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate of the physiological responses of Mojosari's male ducks that given different levels of crude protein (16, 18, 20, or 22% from dry feed). This study has been conducted for 75 days at the Integrated Laboratory Department of Animal Husbandry, of the Agriculture Faculty of the University of Lampung. The total amount of male's ducks about 48 animals consisted of 16 ducks that is placed in a different plots, so that each plot consists of three male ducks. The male's ducks are divided into four treatments, which is giving feed in a different protein levels, 16 , 18 , 20 , and 22 % . Each treatment repeated four times. The design of this research using randomized block design and data obtained are analyzed. In conclusion, that ration with crude protein levels of 16, 18, 20, and 22% has no significant effect (P>0.05) on physiological responses of Mojosari's male ducks and all ration treatment provides the same physiological response ducks on ration levels crude protein 16, 18, 20, and 22%

Farmer\u27s Response to Rumen Fill Transfer Technique

ABSTRACT: Under controlled cavironment, rumen fill transfer shows to improve miner fermentation. survival rate and daily liveweight gain of ruminants fed low quality diets but tins should be tested under rural condition. Four villages were selected in Lombok. Each village was represented by 15 mature Bali cows or the total of 60 cows belonged to 45 farmers. Appropriate combination of rumen fill suitable for rumen condition of Bali cows was selected by using the Balitnak Method developed by Winugroho et al (1993) The rumen fill %%us then sun-dried at 08 00 am to 14_00 pm for 4 days prior to be ground through aproximately 1 nun diameter screen. Approximately, 100 g dried and ground selected rumen fill was given to individual cows in the middle of dry season (November 1993). In order to rejection, the nimcn fill was mixed with fresh cassava tubers or banana trunks prior to offering Although, some tree legumes and eon] stovers were supplemented but the diet was still rich in fibre content ie. typical feed during dry season Fanner\u27s response was taken in at the end of dry season or after about 3 months study period. Data were presented in form of percentages. Fresh buffalo rumen fill from Bogor was best combined for rumen environment of Bali cows_ The dried rumen fill was 3 weeks old kept in aerobic under room temperature before being brought to Lombok and given to the animals. According to the fanners, 75% of the transferred cows showed improved cow appetite, 6U% of them had better body condition, 90% of the cows had smoother faeeal output. Thirty percent of the farmers suggest that the smell of the dried fill should be overconied. However. all farrilerS were willing to feed dried ruiner fill for the next dry season Key Words: Farmer\u27s Response, Rumen Fill Transfer, Bali Cow