5 research outputs found
Myasthenia gravis-like syndrome induced by expression of interferon gamma in the neuromuscular junction.
Abnormal humoral responses toward motor end plate constituents in muscle induce myasthenia gravis (MG). To study the etiology of this disease, and whether it could be induced by host defense molecules, we examined the consequences of interferon (IFN) gamma production within the neuromuscular junction of transgenic mice. The transgenic mice exhibited gradually increasing muscular weakness, flaccid paralysis, and functional disruption of the neuromuscular junction that was reversed after administration of an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, features which are strikingly similar to human MG. Furthermore, histological examination revealed infiltration of mononuclear cells and autoantibody deposition at motor end plates. Immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that a previously unidentified 87-kD target antigen was recognized by sera from transgenic mice and also by sera from the majority of human MG patients studied. These results suggest that expression of IFN-gamma at motor end plates provokes an autoimmune humoral response, similar to human MG, thus linking the expression of this factor with development of this disease
Dimensionality and Valency Dependent Quantum Growth of Metallic Nanostructures: A Unified Perspective
Quantum
growth refers to the phenomena in which the quantum mechanically confined
motion of electrons in metallic wires, islands, and films determines
their overall structural stability as well as their physical and chemical
properties. Yet to date, there has been a lack of a unified understanding
of quantum growth with respect to the dimensionality of the nanostructures
as well as the valency of the constituent atoms. Based on a first-principles
approach, we investigate the stability of nanowires, nanoislands,
and ultrathin films of prototypical metal elements. We reveal that
the Friedel oscillations generated at the edges (or surfaces) of the
nanostructures cause corresponding oscillatory behaviors in their
stability, leading to the existence of highly preferred lengths (or
thicknesses). Such magic lengths of the nanowires are further found
to depend on both the number of valence electrons and the radial size,
with the oscillation period monotonously increasing for alkali and
group IB metals, and monotonously decreasing for transition and group
IIIA-VA metals. When the radial size of the nanowires increases to
reach ∼10 Å, the systems equivalently become nanosize
islands, and the oscillation period saturates to that of the corresponding
ultrathin films. These findings offer a generic perspective of quantum
growth of different classes of metallic nanostructures