1,824 research outputs found
Understanding Interdiscursivity: A Pragmatic Model?
In Japan, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) revised the Course of Study in English education twice in the last decade (in 2002 and in 2011), and the drastic changes have been made especially in the section of communicative skills: introduction of English study in elementary school, teaching English in English in high school, requirement of the subject ‘Oral Communication I’ in high school, etc. The aim of the revisions is to produce international individuals, who have high English proficiency not only in input-skills but also in output-skills, especially in speaking (MEXT 2004: 90, MEXT 2011). Despite the revisions of the Course of Study, Japan is still ranked low in English proficiency not only among the developed countries but also among the Asian countries (Sakamoto 2012: 409; Sullivan and Schatz 2009: 586; Educational Testing Service 2012). Inputs on different cultures and languages take an important role in language learning especially in the modern society where students have high chances to encounter cross-cultural communication. The politeness strategy is one of those factors that the social actors must learn for the sound relationships with others. Each culture has its own politeness strategy; therefore, miscommunication is observed more often in intercultural conversations due to the various conceptualization of politeness in different cultures (Sifianou 1992: 216). That is, comprehending the diversity in politeness strategy seems to be a clue of smooth communication and better apprehension of different cultures in cross-culture conversations. The Course of Study for foreign languages and English language also refers to the significance of comprehending various cultures and languages (MEXT 2009); however, as previous studies represent the Japanese students studying abroad or the Japanese businessman in intercultural communications seem to lack the understanding of the western politeness strategy (cf. Fujio 2004, Nakane 2006). Besides, it is vague what ‘different cultures’ refers to in the Course of Study for English. Based on the attitudes of the Japanese students towards cross-cultural communication and ambiguous explanation on ‘cultural learning’ by the Course of the Study, I assume that one of the reasons why Japan cannot achieve the communication-focused curriculum might be attributed to the lack of politeness theory perspective in English learning. Taking differences in politeness strategies between the western societies and the Japanese ones into consideration, it seems to be unfeasible and insufficient to only increase the number of communicative lessons and compel students into speaking English. The differences in politeness strategy should be applied into English learning in order to boost the English proficiency of Japanese students and produce globalized students. The present paper focuses on the following two aspects of English learning in Japan in order to test the hypothesis: The Course of Study in English learning in Japan does not specify what is ‘cultural learning’, which triggers the lack of politeness perspective The lack of politeness learning obstruct Japanese students to successful crosscultural communication In the present paper, in order to observe the application of the politeness theory in English learning, firstly English textbooks used in Japan are analyzed in terms of the politeness theory by focusing on the following four aspects: silence, speech style, ambiguity, and hierarchical relationship. Previous studies have shown that extinctive differences between the western politeness and the Japanese politeness in communication are obviously revealed in those four points (cf. Fujio 2004; Kameda 2001; Nakane 2006). In addition to the analysis of the English textbooks, an interview on the correlation between English learning and politeness theory is conducted on international Japanese in order to observe how they acquire the western politeness strategy, how English learning at school functioned to learn the western politeness strategy, etc. (cf. see 3. for details). To contextualize this paper, the politeness theory and the previous studies on the relation between the Japanese politeness and crossculture communication will be presented first, and a brief overview of English education in Japan and tendencies in Japanese schooling will follow
Modeling the Landscape as a Dynamic Mosaic of Patches: Some Computational Aspects
The only thing that is certain about Nature is its patchiness. Patchiness is ubiquitous, occurring across systems, organizational levels, and spatio-temporal scales. Traditional modeling approaches in ecology often fail to recognize spatial patchiness because they usually assume spatial homogeneity. A landscape may be viewed as a hierarchical mosaic system of patches that are different in their age, size, shape, content, and other aspects. The spatial change of the patch mosaic results in the landscape pattern, whereas the phase change of individual patches at the local scale and temporal change in patch mosaics at larger scales gives rise to the landscape dynamics. Following such a patch dynamics conceptualization, a spatially explicit patch dynamic modeling approach has been developed based on a serpentine annual grassland. The model has two basic submodels: a spatially-explicit, age/size- structured patch demographic model and a multi-specific plant population dynamic model of a non-equilibrium island biogeographic type. In this paper, the basic structure and some computational aspects of the model are discussed
Failure behavior of concrete subjected to high dynamic loading of new spiral projectile
A new spiral warhead structure which makes concrete failure by self-rotation is proposed in this paper. Concrete dynamic response when subjected to the oval and new proposed spiral projectile vertical and oblique-angle (from 60° to 70°) impacts of different velocities is studied numerically. This investigation obtains the specific law between different residual velocity and rotation angle when concrete target subjected to the impact loading of spiral projectile ranging from 700 m/s ~ 1000 m/s. It also shows the law between different residual velocity and the groove depth. The rotational angular velocity vs time curves for different working condition are given
A Study on the Structure of Korean Knowledge Database
PACLIC 20 / Wuhan, China / 1-3 November, 200
Multiple-Phase Modeling of Degradation Signal for Condition Monitoring and Remaining Useful Life Prediction
Remaining useful life prediction plays an important role in ensuring the safety, availability, and efficiency of various engineering systems. In this paper, we propose a flexible Bayesian multiple-phase modeling approach to characterize degradation signals for prognosis. The priors are specified with a novel stochastic process and the multiple-phase model is formulated to a novel state-space model to facilitate online monitoring and prediction. A particle filtering algorithm with stratified sampling and partial Gibbs resample-move strategy is developed for online model updating and residual life prediction. The advantages of the proposed method are demonstrated through extensive numerical studies and real case studies
Graphs with second largest eigenvalue less than
We characterize the simple connected graphs with the second largest
eigenvalue less than 1/2, which consists of 13 classes of specific graphs.
These 13 classes hint that , where is
the minimum real number for which every real number greater than is a
limit point in the set of the second largest eigenvalues of the simple
connected graphs. We leave it as a problem.Comment: 36 pages, 2 table
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