Adsorption of atomic oxygen (N2O) on a clean Si(100) surface and its influence on the surface state density; A comparison with O2

This paper describes a study concerning the interaction of molecular oxygen (O2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) with the clean Si(100) 2 × 1 surface in ultrahigh vacuum at 300 K. Differential reflectometry (DR) in the photon energy range of 1.5¿4.5 eV, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) have been used to monitor these solid-gas reactions. With this combination of techniques it is possible to make an analysis of the (geometric and electronic) structure and chemical composition of the surface layer. The aim of the present study was to give a description of the geometric nature of the oxygen covered Si(100) surface. For that purpose we have used both molecular (O2) and atomic oxygen (as released by decomposition of N2O) to oxidize the clean Si(100)2 × 1 surface

The optimization of differential reflectometry at surfaces of transparent crystals

The first-order difference in reflectivity of crystals surfaces due to the adsorption of a (sub)monolayer is calculated for crystals transparent to the incident radiation. Conditions are derived for optimizing experimental studies of both strongly and weakly absorbing surfaces and/or adsorbates. The large and small absorption bandwidths involved correspond respectively to (i) electronic transitions to/from surface, interface and adsorbate states, and, (ii) vibrational excitations of adsorbates. The variable parameters are the angle of the incident light beam and the state of the back surface. It is found that the sensitivity varies with angle of incidence, depending on the type of absorbing monolayer

The sense or nonsense of mobile-bearing total knee prostheses

The focus of this thesis was if the in vivo kinematics of total knee prostheses was consistent with the kinematics intended by design and to determine the additional value of insert mobility and thus __the sense or nonsense__ of mobile-bearing knee prostheses. The added value of this thesis to the current literature is the integration of different measurement techniques. Fluoroscopy is combined with RSA and motion analysis techniques to fully understand the in vivo knee kinematics beyond which can be obtained by either technique alone. Results demonstrate that the integration of different measurement techniques was indeed of great value to comprehend the in vivo knee kinematics.Anna Fonds Leiden, Dutch Arthritis Association, Stryker SA, J.E. Jurriaanse StichtingUBL - phd migration 201

Learning to suspend implicated contrast:The acquisition of <em>ook</em> in Dutch

Children acquire the meaning of ook ‘also’ in Dutch relatively late ( Bergsma 2006 ), although this focus particle is highly frequent. We argue that this late acquisition is caused by a pragmatic rule: contrastive implicature. We follow Sæbø (2004) , who argues that additives are used because without them, the sentences they appear in would be interpreted as contrastive in relation to the context. Data from a sentence completion task administered to Dutch L1 learners (N = 62, ages 4;0–5;11) show that, on average, four-year-olds do not distinguish sentences with ook from sentences without ook. Five-year-olds do better on sentences with ook but worse on sentences without it. We argue that they have generally acquired contrastive implicature: they apply the correct contrastive interpretation to sentences without ook, but overgeneralize this implicature to sentences with ook, before completely acquiring the meaning of ook

Effects of vitamin A and [beta]-carotene on respiratory tract carcinogenesis in hamsters : in vivo and in vitro studies

SummaryRespiratory tract cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer in 'Western' countries. The greater part of lung cancers are caused by smoking. Furthermore, environmental air pollution and occupational exposure contribute to the high incidence of lung cancer. Because it seems to be an almost impossible task to eliminate exposure of man to all these factors, considerable effort has been focused on identifying naturally occurring or synthetic compounds which can prevent the formation of respiratory tract cancer. In this regard, (pro)vitamin A (vitamin A and β-carotene) have been shown very promising. In a large number of epidemiological and experimental studies it has been shown that (pro)vitamin A inhibits the formation of respiratory tract cancer. However, the results of these studies are not always consistent and some studies even showed that (pro)vitamin A increases the incidence of lung cancer. Although the effect of (pro)vitamin A on the formation of respiratory tract cancer has been studied extensively, the mechanisms by which (pro)vitamin A influences the process of respiratory tract carcinogenesis are still not fully understood. In the studies described in this thesis, using both an in vitro and an in vivo approach, the effects of vitamin A and β-carotene on various stages of the process of chemically-induced respiratory tract carcinogenesis were investigated (Figure 1). The emphasis was on the effects of vitamin A and β-carotene on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced DNA-adduct formation, DNA-repair activities, cell proliferation and histomorphological changes in the hamster respiratory tract epithelium. Furthermore, the relationships between DNA-adduct formation, DNA-repair activities, cell proliferation and the expression of the tumour suppressor gene p53 were investigated. In vitro studiesIn the first in vitro experiments, the formation and repair of B[a]P-DNA adducts in hamster and rat tracheal epithelial cells was studied (Chapters 3 and 4). It was shown that in vitro the main DNA adduct formed in hamster tracheal epithelial cells was the trans-addition product of deoxyguanosine and (+)-anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE-dG). This is the same DNA adduct as formed in vivo in tracheal epithelial cells of hamsters intratracheally treated with B[a]P. Furthermore, it is the same adduct as has been frequently observed in human respiratory tract cells. In rat tracheal epithelial cells two major DNA adducts were found in vitro : the BPDE-dG adduct and an adduct that is probably derived from interaction of syn -BPDE and deoxyadeno- s-ine. Both the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts and the B[a]P-induced DNA-repair activities in hamster tracheal epithelial cells were time- and concentration-dependent. In rat tracheal epithelial cells, the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts was 10 times lower than in hamster tracheas. Furthermore, unlike in hamster tracheal epithelial cells, B[a]P did not induce DNA-repair activities in rat tracheal epithelial cells. In the studies described in Chapter 5, the effect of vitamin A and β-carotene on the formation and repair of B[a]P-DNA adducts in hamster tracheal epithelial cells was investigated. It was shown that both vitamin A and β-carotene slightly inhibited the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts. In addition, vitamin A and β-carotene increased B[a]P-induced DNA-repair activities. This suggests that the observed decrease in B[a]P-DNA adducts is a positive effect of vitamin A and β-carotene, probably also partly caused by an increase in DNA-repair activities. The effect of vitamin A on DNA-adduct formation and DNA-repair activities depended on the concentration of B[a]P versus the concentration of vitamin A. At a low B[a]P concentration relative to the concentration of vitamin A the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts was inhibited by vitamin A, whereas at a relatively high concentration of B[a]P the formation of DNA adducts was enhanced by vitamin A.The role of B[a]P and vitamin A in cell proliferation in hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture is described in Chapter 6. It was shown that the effects of B[a]P and vitamin A on cell proliferation strongly depended on the culture medium used; in tracheas cultured in Ham's F12 medium cell proliferation was decreased by B[a]P treatment compared to control tracheas, while cell proliferation in tracheas treated with vitamin A in combination with B[a]P was increased compared to tracheas treated with B[a]P alone. In tracheas cultured in CMRL-1066 medium, the effects of B[a]P and vitamin A on cell proliferation were opposite to those observed in tracheas cultured in Ham's F12 medium: cell proliferation in tracheas cultured in CMRL-1066 medium and treated with B[a]P was increased compared to control tracheas, while vitamin A decreased B[a]P-induced cell proliferation. To explain these opposite effects of B[a]P and vitamin A on cell proliferation, various medium components and growth factors were investigated. The concentration of CaCl 2. 2H 2 O revealed to be the most important factor: supplementation of CaCl 2. 2H 2 O to the Ham's F12 culture medium mimicted the effects of B[a]P and vitamin A on cell proliferation in CMRL-1066 medium. These results clearly indicate that Ca 2+is an important regulator of proliferation of hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Furthermore, the results of these experiments showed that the level of B[a]P-DNA adducts was inversely related to cell proliferation in tracheas cultured in Ham's F12 medium. Although these results suggest that the tumour suppressor gene p53 might be involved by inhibiting cell proliferation as a consequence of DNA damage, we were unable to show a direct relationship between the level of B[a]P-DNA adducts, cell proliferation and expression of the p53 tumour suppressor protein in hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture. In vivo studiesThe most widely applied in vivo model to study the aetiology and pathogenesis of respiratory tract cancer in experimental animals is based on repeated intratracheal instillations of a saline suspension of fine crystalline B[a]P particles attached to ferric oxide as a carrier. Various aspects of this method are discussed in Chapter 2, showing that the dose of B[a]P and the size of the B[a]P particles are the most important variables influencing the tumour response. In a first in vivo experiment into the effect of vitamin A and β-carotene on B[a]P-induced (pre)neoplastic changes in the respiratory tract of hamsters, the response of the respiratory tract epithelium was too low. This might be due to an insuficiently high B[a]P dose, possibly in combination with a relatively insensitive strain of hamsters used. The low response hampered studying potential effects of vitamin A or P-carotene on the (pre)neoplastic response (Chapter 7). An interesting observation in this experiment was an exceptionally low mortality of hamsters fed a high-β-carotene diet. Although we were unable to establish the exact cause of death of hamsters not receiving β-carotene, the most conspicuous difference between hamsters in the high-β-carotene group and hamsters in other groups was a decrease in lipid peroxidation in the livers of hamsters in the former group. Probably, this effect was not only due to the high concentration of β-carotene in the diet, but was also related to a high dietary level of α-tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate (also present in the β-carotene beads and used to protect β-carotene from oxidation). To obtain a higher tumour response, hamsters were treated in a second experiment with a higher total dose of B[a]P (Chapter 8 and 9). In this study, a clear relationship appeared to exist between the extent of B[a]P-DNA adduct formation, the induction of cell proliferation and the immunocytochemically detected expression of the p53 protein in hamster tracheal epithelial cells. However, in this experiment the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts was not found to be affected by a high dietary level of β-carotene, probably due to the high B[a]P dose. Furthermore, β-carotene did not affect B[a]P-induced cell proliferation and expression of the p53 protein in tracheal epithelial cells. Chapter 9 describes the histomorphological aspects of this hamster study, using conventional histopathology and immunohistochemical techniques for the detection of various cytokeratins and glutathione S -transferase (GST)-isoenzyme Pi. From this study, it appeared that B[a]P influenced both the expression of cytokeratins and the expression of the GST-isoenzym Pi. However, in accordance with the results described in Chapter 8, β-carotene did not inhibit B[a]P-induced lesions in the respiratory tract epithelium of hamsters.Concluding remarksFinally, the studies described in this thesis allow the following conclusions:- In vitro, vitamin A and β-carotene decrease slightly but consistently the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts, probably due to an increase in DNA-repair activities. The effect of vitamin A on the formation of B[a]P-DNA adducts depends on the concentration of B[a]P versus the concentration of vitamin A.- The effects of vitamin A and B[a]P on cell proliferation in hamster tracheal epithelial cells in organ culture strongly depend on the tissue-culture medium used, in particular on the concentration of Ca 2+in the medium. The effects of B[a]P and vitamin A on cell proliferation observed in tracheas cultured in CMRL-1066 medium are similar to the effects generally observed in vivo .- The hamster tracheal organ culture model is very suitable to study the B[a]P-induced formation of DNA adducts and DNA-repair activities. Both the formation and repair of B[a]P-DNA adducts is dose and time dependent. Furthermore, the main adduct formed in vitro is similar to the adduct formed in vivo after intratracheal instillation of B[a]P, and moreover, this adduct is frequently observed in man.- A high dietary dose of β-carotene, possibly in combination with a high level of et-tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate, strongly increases the survival of hamsters.- In tracheal epithelia] cells of hamsters treated intratracheally with B[a]P, a relationship between the level of B[a]P-DNA adducts, cell proliferation and p53 expression is observed.- The effect of vitamin A on B[a]P-induced DNA-adduct formation and cell proliferation, as observed in the in vitro experiments, was not found in in vivo experiments, probably due to the high B[a]P dose applied.- β-carotene did not affect the formation of (pre)neoplastic changes in the respiratory tract epithelium of hamsters intratracheally treated with B[a]P as evaluated by conventional histopathology, cytokeratin expression, and glutathione S-transferase isoenzyme Pi expression.- Although intratracheal instillation of B[a]P to Syrian golden hamsters is one of the most widely applied models to study respiratory tract cancer in experimental animals, the tumour response is difficult to control due to a large number of variables affecting the response. The most important variables influencing the tumour response are the dose of B[a]P and the size of the B[a]P particles.In conclusion, although the in vitro experiments described in this thesis show that vitamin A and β-carotene may influence the process of respiratory tract carcinogenesis, in vivo it was not possible to show a modulating effect of vitamin A and β-carotene on B[a]P-induced respiratory tract cancer in hamsters. To explain the inconsistencies in the effect of vitamin A and β-carotene on respiratory tract cancer, further in-depth research should he focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect. The concentration of vitamin A and β-carotene, in particular the concentration of the active metabolite retinoic acid, in target cells should be measured in relation to the action of these molecules on the genomic level

Systematic review and meta-analysis of measurement properties of the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - Physical Function Shortform (HOOS-PS) and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - Physical Function Shortform (KOOS-PS)

Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate all evidence on measurement properties of the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - Physical function Shortform (HOOS-PS) and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - Physical function Shortform (KOOS-PS). Design: This study was conducted according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guideline for systematic reviews of PROMs. MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsychINFO through February 2019 were searched. Eligible studies evaluated patients with hip or knee complaints and described a measurement property, interpretability, feasibility, or the development of either the HOOS-PS or KOOS-PS. Results: Twenty-three studies were included. For both questionnaires, the content validity was found inconsistent and the quality evidence was moderate for a sufficient reliability and high for an insufficient construct validity. The HOOS-PS had a high quality evidence of sufficient structural validity and internal consistency (pooled Cronbach's alpha 0.80; n = 3761) and low quality evidence of sufficient measurement error and indeterminate responsiveness. Concerning the KOOS-PS, the quality evidence was high for an insufficient responsiveness, moderate for an inconsistent structural validity and internal consistency and low for an inconsistent measurement error. Conclusions: The inconsistent evidence for content validity implies that scores on the HOOS-PS and KOOS-PS may inadequately reflect physical functioning. Furthermore, there is evidence for insufficient construct validity and responsiveness in patients with knee osteoarthritis receiving conservative treatment. Using the HOOS-PS or KOOS-PS as outcome measurement instruments for comparing outcomes, measuring improvements or benchmarking in patients with hip or knee complaints or undergoing arthroplasty should only be done with great caution. Review registration: PROSPERO number CRD4201706953

Using patient experience in optimizing the total knee arthroplasty patient journey

Information was used to improve the patient journey and to achieve patient-centered care. Patients (\u3e18 years, purposive sampling) were interviewed once at one point of their total knee arthrosis journey within the hospital setting. Patients were accompanied and observed during their hospital visit by one of the 19 healthcare professionals which were trained as interviewers. A qualitative research approach with in-depth and semi-structured interviews using a standardized interview guide were used to gather an in-depth understanding of the perceptions of patients. Interviews were written out with the emphasis on positive and negative feedback, quotes and observations that were made. The audio recordings were verbatim transcribed and coded using selective and open coding. Thirty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted. Five different themes were identified: overall experience, waiting, communication, information and facilities. Several easy fixes were dealt with immediately to improve service quality, productivity and the organization of the healthcare service. Other improvements were discussed with the stakeholders and were resolved directly or were planned for the long-term. Involving patients and let them collaborate with healthcare professionals is essential in optimizing patient-centered care. Most feedback was related to clarification and comprehensibility of the patient journey, to improve autonomy and to remove uncertainty of the patients. Continuity of care with medical personnel, personal attention and recognition of the problem are fundamental during the knee arthrosis patient journey. Experience Framework This article is associated with the Quality & Clinical Excellence lens of The Beryl Institute Experience Framework. (http://bit.ly/ExperienceFramework) Access other PXJ articles related to this lens. Access other resources related to this lens

Lichens as biomonitors at indoor environments of primary schools

A biomonitoring study, using transplanted lichens Flavoparmelia caperata, was conducted to assess the indoor air quality in primary schools in urban (Lisbon) and rural (Ponte de Sor) Portuguese sites. The lichens exposure period occurred between April and June 2010 and two types of environments of the primary schools were studied: classrooms and outdoor/courtyard. Afterwards, the lichen samples were processed and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to assess a total of 20 chemical elements. Accumulated elements in the exposed lichens were assessed and enrichment factors (EF) were determined. Indoor and outdoor biomonitoring results were compared to evaluate how biomonitors (as lichens) react at indoor environments and to assess the type of pollutants that are prevalent in those environments

Significant association between circumvallate placenta, placental abruption and acute chorioamnionitis in preterm birth:A 23-year retrospective cohort study

Aim:circumvallate placenta, placental abruption and acute chorioamnionitis separately are associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes. We aimed to determine the prevalence and define whether an association exists between the three abnormalities. Methods: 16,042 placenta pathology reports between 1997 and 2020 from a tertiary care centre in the Netherlands were retrospectively analysed. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square test and bootstrapping were used to evaluate an association. Results: In our cohort the prevalence of circumvallate placenta is 2.2 %, placental abruption cases 4.0 % and acute chorioamnionitis 20.6 %. We observed a statistically significant association between all three placental abnormalities: circumvallate placenta, placental abruption and acute chorioamnionitis. In addition, there was also an association between circumvallate placenta and acute chorioamnionitis. Conclusion: Our results show that combined presence of circumvallate placenta, placental abruption and acute chorioamnionitis are associated in preterm birth (p = 0.001). A remarkable finding is that the combination of all three abnormalities (circumvallate placenta, placental abruption and acute chorioamnionitis) was not observed in term pregnancies &gt;37 weeks.</p