Characteristics of a prospective cohort of short-term travelers from the Netherlands who visited a malaria-endemic area, October 2006–October 2007.

<p>Characteristics of a prospective cohort of short-term travelers from the Netherlands who visited a malaria-endemic area, October 2006–October 2007.</p

Adherence to the most-prescribed antimalarial chemoprophylaxis among travelers who started with recommended chemoprophylaxis.

<p>NA, not applicable.</p

Determinants for 75% adherence to malaria chemoprophylaxis during travel among a prospective cohort of 620 travelers from the Netherlands to high-endemic areas, October 2006–October 2007.

b<p>In the multivariable analysis the variable ‘type of chemoprophylaxis’ was included without the category ‘other’ because of 100% compliance, so multivariable analysis was done with 610 travelers.</p

Characteristics and symptoms of subjects with anti-circumsporozoite antibody seroconversion for <i>P. falciparum</i>, from a cohort of 945 travelers from the Netherlands who visited malaria-endemic areas, October 2006–October 2007.

b<p>DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) use in more than the mean use in the study population.</p

Purification of early gametocyte stages from cultures of 3D7a parasites.

<p>The top panel shows stage I gametocytes stained with ethidium bromide (blue) and the sexual parasite-specific anti-Pfs16 antibody (green). The majority of nucleated erythrocytes are also Pfs16 positive and therefore gametocytes. The lower panel shows a Giemsa–stained thin film of the same culture 2 days later, when all parasites have reached Stage IIb of gametocyte development. Asexual parasite contamination was estimated at less than 1%.</p

Serum antibodies recognise the surface of mature gametocyte-infected RBCs.

<p>Serum from a Dutch individual with previously demonstrated transmission-blocking antibodies was incubated with mature asexual parasites or stage V gametocytes and analysed by flow cytometry. Parasites were dual labeled with FITC conjugate, indirectly recognising human IgG, and EB staining nuclear DNA. Axes denote the number of number of cells counted (events) in each dimension.</p

Associations between recognition of asexual- and sexual-stage parasites in flow cytometry, carriage of gametocytes at presentation and transmission-blocking immunity on plasma from 200 treated Gambian children.

*<p>Only data from feeding experiments with at least one positive mosquito are included (N = 71).</p

Recognition profiles of plasma IgG from 202 Gambian children.

<p>Erythrocytes harbouring P. falciparum clone 3D7a stage V gametocytes (left column) and asexual parasite stages (right) were tested with each of 194 plasma (rows). Plasma are arranged in increasing order of the proportion of gametocyte recognition events in the right upper quadrant of the flow cytometry dot-blot. Positive antibody recognition is scored as dark grey. Pale fill indicates that antibodies could not be detected above the level of controls (see text).</p

Routing and quality of service in wireless and disruption tolerant networks

Wireless networks have become a common means of communication, and their popularity continues to rise as they enable communication in locations and settings where it was previously unfeasible. While promising many advantages, these networks also pose new challenges. The limited radio coverage, unreliable nature of the wireless channel, and mobility of network nodes can lead to frequent disruption of communication links, dynamic network topology, variable bandwidth availability, and high channel error rates. These challenges seek novel solutions to allow a growing number of wireless, mobile users to run applications and avail network services in ways similar to that in wired networks. This thesis makes contributions to three research areas related to wireless and disruption tolerant networks: (1) routing and forwarding to enable disruption tolerant communication in intermittently connected networks, (2) analysis of properties of human mobility and their effect on network protocols in disruption tolerant networks, and (3) quality of service mechanisms for wireless and mobile networks. In intermittently connected networks, there may rarely or never exist a fully connected path between a source and destination. This invalidates the basic assumption of end-to-end communication prevalent in the Internet and renders traditional routing protocols impractical. We propose PRoPHET, a novel routing protocol for intermittently connected networks. PRoPHET takes advantage of the mobility of nodes, and the predictability of that mobility for routing. The protocol and various forwarding strategies and queueing policies are studied in detail. The benefits of PRoPHET are evident on comparing its performance with contemporary work. Communication in intermittently connected and disruption tolerant networks is often highly dependent on the mobility of the nodes in the network. Thus, it is important to have good understanding of basic properties of user mobility in order to design network protocols that can operate under those conditions. Using real-life traces, we characterize human mobility patterns and their impact on forwarding algorithms in mobile networks with and without infrastructure. Finally, the thesis presents our work on two different aspects of quality of service in wireless and mobile networks. We evaluate four mechanisms for providing service differentiation in a wireless LAN, and give recommendations on their use in different scenarios. We propose a novel admission control scheme for mobile ad hoc networks, which is able to better cope with high mobility in the network compared to previous solutions.Godkänd; 2006; 20061205 (haneit)</p

Time series dynamics of Pfs230 (a) and Pfs48/45 (b) antibody response against gametocyte density in a simulated malaria infected individual from birth up to day 3000.

<p>Time series dynamics of Pfs230 (a) and Pfs48/45 (b) antibody response against gametocyte density in a simulated malaria infected individual from birth up to day 3000.</p