Causas e preditores de mortalidade em pacientes que internam com ou por insuficiência cardíaca em hospital terciário no Brasil

Objetivo: Comparar, em hospital brasileiro, preditores e causas de morte em pacientes que internam por insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada (ICAD) versus pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) que internam por outros motivos (ICND). Método: Coorte prospectiva de pacientes internados com diagnóstico de IC identificado pelo escore de Charlson, com acompanhamento mediano de 46 meses. Resultados: Avaliamos 2.056 pacientes (17,6% óbitos no hospital e 38,7% óbitos após alta). Houve mais óbitos por causa cardiovascular no grupo ICAD (principalmente IC) e por doença não cardiovascular no grupo ICND. Não houve diferença de sobrevida pós-alta entre os grupos. O escore de Charlson e a idade foram preditores independentes de morte comum tanto no ambiente hospitalar como extra-hospitalar. Conclusão: A identificação de pacientes de alto risco, independente do motivo da internação, é fundamental para se criar modelos prognósticos e assistenciais. Sugere-se pesquisar causas de óbito e populações variadas para diminuir sua morbimortalidade

Relationship among low T3 levels, type 3 deiodinase, oxidative stress, and mortality in sepsis and septic shock : defining patient outcomes

Low T3 syndrome occurs frequently in patients with sepsis. Type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) is present in immune cells, but there is no description of its presence in patients with sepsis. Here, we aimed to determine the prognostic impact of thyroid hormones levels (TH), measured on ICU admission, on mortality and evolution to chronic critical illness (CCI) and the presence of DIO3 in white cells. We used a prospective cohort study with a follow-up for 28 days or deceased. Low T3 levels at admission were present in 86.5% of the patients. DIO3 was induced by 55% of blood immune cells. The cutoff value of 60 pg/mL for T3 displayed a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 64% for predicting death, with an odds ratio of 4.89. Lower T3 yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76 for mortality and 0.75 for evolution to CCI, thus displaying better performance than commonly used prognostic scores. The high expression of DIO3 in white cells provides a novel mechanism to explain the reduction in T3 levels in sepsis patients. Further, low T3 levels independently predict progression to CCI and mortality within 28 days for sepsis and septic shock patients

Non-thyroidal illness syndrome predicts outcome in adult critically ill patients : a systematic review and meta-analysis

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively determine the prevalence and the prognostic role of non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) in critically ill patients. We included studies that assessed thyroid function by measuring the serum thyroid hormone (TH) level and in-hospital mortality in adult septic patients. Reviews, case reports, editorials, letters, animal studies, duplicate studies, and studies with irrelevant populations and inappropriate controls were excluded. A total of 6869 patients from 25 studies were included. The median prevalence rate of NTIS was 58% (IQR 33.2-63.7). In univariate analysis, triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 (FT3) levels in non-survivors were relatively lower than that of survivors (8 studies for T3; standardized mean difference (SMD) 1.16; 95% CI, 0.41-1.92; I2 = 97%; P < 0.01). Free thyroxine (FT4) levels in non-survivors were also lower than that of survivors (12 studies; SMD 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31-0.78; I2 = 83%; P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in thyrotropin levels between non-survivors and survivors. NTIS was independently associated with increased risk of mortality in critically ill patients (odds ratio (OR) = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.64-2.97, I2 = 65% P < 0.01). The results favor the concept that decreased thyroid function might be associated with a worse outcome in critically ill patients. Hence, the measurement of TH could provide prognostic information on mortality in adult patients admitted to ICU

Early effects of LPS-induced neuroinflammation on the rat hippocampal glycolytic pathway

Neuroinflammation is a common feature during the development of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, where glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, play key roles in the activation and maintenance of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation is now known to involve a neurometabolic shift, in addition to an increase in energy consumption. We used two approaches (in vivo and ex vivo) to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation on neurometabolic reprogramming, and on the modulation of the glycolytic pathway during the neuroinflammatory response. For this, we investigated inflammatory cytokines and receptors in the rat hippocampus, as well as markers of glial reactivity. Mitochondrial respirometry and the glycolytic pathway were evaluated by multiple parameters, including enzymatic activity, gene expression and regulation by protein kinases. Metabolic (e.g., metformin, 3PO, oxamic acid, fluorocitrate) and inflammatory (e.g., minocycline, MCC950, arundic acid) inhibitors were used in ex vivo hippocampal slices. The induction of early inflammatory changes by LPS (both in vivo and ex vivo) enhanced glycolytic parameters, such as glucose uptake, PFK1 activity and lactate release. This increased glucose consumption was independent of the energy expenditure for glutamate uptake, which was in fact diverted for the maintenance of the immune response. Accordingly, inhibitors of the glycolytic pathway and Krebs cycle reverted neuroinflammation (reducing IL-1β and S100B) and the changes in glycolytic parameters induced by LPS in acute hippocampal slices. Moreover, the inhibition of S100B, a protein predominantly synthesized and secreted by astrocytes, inhibition of microglia activation and abrogation of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly confirmed the role of neuroinflammation in the upregulation of glycolysis in the hippocampus. Our data indicate a neurometabolic glycolytic shift, induced by inflammatory activation, as well as a central and integrative role of astrocytes, and suggest that interference in the control of neurometabolism may be a promising strategy for downregulating neuroinflammation and consequently for diminishing negative neurological outcomes

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in a general hospital

Objetivo: Avaliar a prática de profilaxia para tromboembolia venosa (TEV) em pacientes em um hospital geral. Métodos: Estudo de coorte transversal conduzido no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, localizado na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS), com uma amostra constituída de pacientes internados selecionados randomicamente entre outubro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009. Foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 18 anos e internados por mais de 48 h. Os critérios de exclusão foram pacientes em uso de anticoagulantes, história de doença tromboembólica, gestação e puerpério. A adequação da profilaxia foi avaliada seguindo as recomendações de um protocolo criado pela instituição e tendo como base principal a diretriz da American College of Chest Physician, oitava edição. Resultados: Foram incluídos 262 pacientes com média de idade de 59,1 ± 16,6 anos. Os fatores de risco mais comuns foram imobilização (70,6%), infecção (44,3%), câncer (27,5%), obesidade (23,3%) e cirurgia maior (14,1%). Na avaliação do nível de risco para TEV, 143 (54,6%) e 117 pacientes (44,7%), respectivamente, foram classificados como de risco alto e moderado. No geral, 46,2% dos pacientes tiveram profilaxia adequada, assim como 25% dos pacientes com três ou mais fatores de risco e 18% dos pacientes com câncer, e houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre esses grupos quando comparados àqueles com menos de três fatores de risco e sem câncer (p < 0,001 para ambos). Conclusões: Os dados demonstram que quase a totalidade dos pacientes do hospital estava em risco para TEV e que menos da metade deles recebeu profilaxia adequada, dados esses semelhantes aos da literatura. A inadequação da profilaxia é surpreendentemente maior em pacientes de alto risco.Objective: To evaluate the use of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in a general hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional cohort study at the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, involving a random sample of patients admitted between October of 2008 and February of 2009. We included patients over 18 years of age and hospitalized for more than 48 h. The exclusion criteria were anticoagulant use, pregnancy, puerperium, and a history of thromboembolic disease. The adequacy of prophylaxis was evaluated in accordance with a protocol created by the Hospital and principally based on the American College of Chest Physicians guidelines, eighth edition. Results: We included 262 patients. The mean age was 59.1 ± 16.6 years. The most common risk factors were immobilization (in 70.6%), infection (in 44.3%), cancer (in 27.5%), obesity (in 23.3%), and major surgery (in 14.1%). The risk of VTE was classified as high and moderate in 143 (54.6%) and 117 (44.7%) of the patients, respectively. Overall, 46.2% of the patients received adequate prophylaxis, 25% of those with ≥ three risk factors for VTE and 18% of those with cancer, the differences between these last two groups and their counterparts (patients with < three risk factors and those without cancer) being statistically significant (p < 0.001 for both). Conclusions: Our data reveal that nearly all patients at our hospital were at risk for VTE, and that less than half received adequate VTE prophylaxis, which is in agreement with the literature. It is surprising that inadequate prophylaxis is more common in high-risk patients

Comparação de métodos de avaliação da função ventricular no seguimento de pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia com adriamicina

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Causas e preditores de mortalidade em pacientes que internam com ou por insuficiência cardíaca em hospital terciário no Brasil

Objetivo: Comparar, em hospital brasileiro, preditores e causas de morte em pacientes que internam por insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada (ICAD) versus pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) que internam por outros motivos (ICND). Método: Coorte prospectiva de pacientes internados com diagnóstico de IC identificado pelo escore de Charlson, com acompanhamento mediano de 46 meses. Resultados: Avaliamos 2.056 pacientes (17,6% óbitos no hospital e 38,7% óbitos após alta). Houve mais óbitos por causa cardiovascular no grupo ICAD (principalmente IC) e por doença não cardiovascular no grupo ICND. Não houve diferença de sobrevida pós-alta entre os grupos. O escore de Charlson e a idade foram preditores independentes de morte comum tanto no ambiente hospitalar como extra-hospitalar. Conclusão: A identificação de pacientes de alto risco, independente do motivo da internação, é fundamental para se criar modelos prognósticos e assistenciais. Sugere-se pesquisar causas de óbito e populações variadas para diminuir sua morbimortalidade

Qualidade assistencial de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em hospital público terciário no Brasil

Fundamento: Insuficiência cardíaca (IC) representa a maior causa cardiovascular de morbidade hospitalar no Brasil. Embora sociedades médicas internacionais recomendem o monitoramento de indicadores de qualidade assistencial na prática clínica, sua adesão tem sido controversa, limitada e seus resultados não estão adequadamente estudados em diversos contextos. Objetivos: Aferir parâmetros de qualidade assistencial em pacientes hospitalizados com IC e analisar a relação entre a adesão a estas medidas e as taxas de visitas ao serviço de emergência e reinternações em 30 dias pós-alta no cenário hospitalar público brasileiro. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo de coorte histórico com utilização de dados secundários em 2070 pacientes que internaram com identificação de IC no Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson (ICCharlson) no período de 2009-2010. Foram coletados dados demográficos, assistenciais e indicadores hospitalares. Avaliou-se qualidade assistencial através da prescrição de Beta-bloqueador, IECA e/ou BRA e orientações na nota de alta. Resultados: Houve, em toda amostra, significativas medianas de ICCharlson (5,0) e tempo de internação (14 dias), constatando-se 13% de óbitos hospitalares. Doença cerebrovascular, um ICCharlson elevado e um menor tempo de permanência foram preditores de reinternação. Em relação aos indicadores assistenciais, as instruções na nota de alta foram adequadas em apenas 13% dos casos e, em pacientes com FE reduzida, 87% tinham prescrição de IECA/BRA e 66% de beta-bloqueadores na alta. Não houve impacto dessas medidas na taxa de reinternação e/ou visita a emergência, independente da FE. Conclusões: Pacientes internados com IC em hospital público terciário brasileiro apresentam elevada morbimortalidade. Apesar de abaixo das metas, esses parâmetros de qualidade assistencial não foram associados com reinternação ou consulta precoce à emergência.Background: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of cardiovascular hospital morbidity in Brazil. Although international medical societies recommend monitoring quality of care in clinical practice, its adherence has been controversial and limited and their results have not yet been adequately studied in several contexts. Objectives: To assess quality of care parameters in hospitalized patients with HF and to analyze the relationship between adherence to these measures and 30-day postdischarge readmission rates and emergency room visits in Brazilian public hospital setting. Methods: We conducted a historic cohort study using secondary data, which included 2070 hospitalized patients with HF identified by Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in 2009 and 2010. We collected demographic data, performance measures and hospital outcomes. Quality of care was assessed by measuring beta-blocker, ACEI/ARB prescriptions and appropriate medical instructions at discharge. Results: There was, on the whole sample, a high median CCI (5.0) and a long hospital stay (14 days), with 13% of hospital death rate. Cerebrovascular disease, a higher CCI and a shorter length of stay were predictors of rehospitalization. Regarding health care indicators, there was a low rate of appropriate discharge instructions (13%) and, in patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF), there was 87% of ACEI/ARB and 66% of beta-blockers prescriptions at discharge. These measures had no impact on readmission and/or emergency room visit rate, regardless of EF. Conclusions: Hospitalized patients with HF in Brazilian public hospital setting have higher morbidity and mortality rates. Although being below the targets, these performance measures were not associated with early readmission or emergency room visit rate

Qualidade assistencial de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em hospital público terciário no Brasil

Fundamento: Insuficiência cardíaca (IC) representa a maior causa cardiovascular de morbidade hospitalar no Brasil. Embora sociedades médicas internacionais recomendem o monitoramento de indicadores de qualidade assistencial na prática clínica, sua adesão tem sido controversa, limitada e seus resultados não estão adequadamente estudados em diversos contextos. Objetivos: Aferir parâmetros de qualidade assistencial em pacientes hospitalizados com IC e analisar a relação entre a adesão a estas medidas e as taxas de visitas ao serviço de emergência e reinternações em 30 dias pós-alta no cenário hospitalar público brasileiro. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo de coorte histórico com utilização de dados secundários em 2070 pacientes que internaram com identificação de IC no Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson (ICCharlson) no período de 2009-2010. Foram coletados dados demográficos, assistenciais e indicadores hospitalares. Avaliou-se qualidade assistencial através da prescrição de Beta-bloqueador, IECA e/ou BRA e orientações na nota de alta. Resultados: Houve, em toda amostra, significativas medianas de ICCharlson (5,0) e tempo de internação (14 dias), constatando-se 13% de óbitos hospitalares. Doença cerebrovascular, um ICCharlson elevado e um menor tempo de permanência foram preditores de reinternação. Em relação aos indicadores assistenciais, as instruções na nota de alta foram adequadas em apenas 13% dos casos e, em pacientes com FE reduzida, 87% tinham prescrição de IECA/BRA e 66% de beta-bloqueadores na alta. Não houve impacto dessas medidas na taxa de reinternação e/ou visita a emergência, independente da FE. Conclusões: Pacientes internados com IC em hospital público terciário brasileiro apresentam elevada morbimortalidade. Apesar de abaixo das metas, esses parâmetros de qualidade assistencial não foram associados com reinternação ou consulta precoce à emergência.Background: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of cardiovascular hospital morbidity in Brazil. Although international medical societies recommend monitoring quality of care in clinical practice, its adherence has been controversial and limited and their results have not yet been adequately studied in several contexts. Objectives: To assess quality of care parameters in hospitalized patients with HF and to analyze the relationship between adherence to these measures and 30-day postdischarge readmission rates and emergency room visits in Brazilian public hospital setting. Methods: We conducted a historic cohort study using secondary data, which included 2070 hospitalized patients with HF identified by Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in 2009 and 2010. We collected demographic data, performance measures and hospital outcomes. Quality of care was assessed by measuring beta-blocker, ACEI/ARB prescriptions and appropriate medical instructions at discharge. Results: There was, on the whole sample, a high median CCI (5.0) and a long hospital stay (14 days), with 13% of hospital death rate. Cerebrovascular disease, a higher CCI and a shorter length of stay were predictors of rehospitalization. Regarding health care indicators, there was a low rate of appropriate discharge instructions (13%) and, in patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF), there was 87% of ACEI/ARB and 66% of beta-blockers prescriptions at discharge. These measures had no impact on readmission and/or emergency room visit rate, regardless of EF. Conclusions: Hospitalized patients with HF in Brazilian public hospital setting have higher morbidity and mortality rates. Although being below the targets, these performance measures were not associated with early readmission or emergency room visit rate