Determinación de daño genético en comerciantes de plaguicidas en el departamento de Matagalpa

EL DAÑO CITOGENÉTICO ASOCIADO CON PLAGUICIDAS POR PARTE de comerciantes de agroquímicos fue evaluado en el departamento de Matagalpa analizando micronúcleos en células bucales (MNBC). Así mismo, fue evaluada la exposición crónica a plaguicidas usando la prueba de acetilcolinesterasa y adicionalmente se identificaron mutaciones de manera exploratoria en el gen CYP2D6, implicado en el metabolismo de plaguicidas. La comparación entre comerciantes de plaguicidas y controles reveló diferencias significativas en las frecuencias de MNBC (6.23±2.2 vs. 3.63±1.3 MN/2000 MNBC, P<0.001, t de student). Niveles de colinesterasa indican efecto neurotóxico crónico en los comerciantes de plaguicidas. Estos comerciantes utilizan poco o ningún equipo de protección personal así como medidas de seguridad. Este es el primer estudio a nivel nacional que reporta efecto citogenético de exposición crónica a plaguicidas en comerciantes expuestos

Recalcitrant Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: A Comparative Screening Study of Their Occurrence, Formation of Phototransformation Products and Their in Vitro Toxicity

Data allowing for a complete environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and their photoderatives in the environment are still scarce. In the present study, in vitro toxicity and both bio- and photopersistence of various pharmaceuticals (aciclovir, allopurinol, cetirizine, cimetidine, fluconazole, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, phenytoin, primidone, ranitidine, sotalol, sulpiride, tramadol and valsartane) as well as their phototransformation products were evaluated in order to fill data gaps and to help prioritise them for further testing. Twelve out of the fourteen compounds investigated were found to be neither readily nor inherently biodegradable in the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development-biodegradability tests. The study further demonstrates that the photo-induced transformation of the pharmaceuticals was faster upon irradiation with a Hg lamp (UV light) than with a Xe lamp emitting a spectrum that mimics sunlight. Comparing the non-irradiated with the respective irradiated solutions, a higher acute and chronic toxicity against bacteria was found for the irradiated solutions of seven compounds (cetirizine, cimetidine, hydrochlorothiazide, ranitidine, sulpiride, tramadol and valsartane). No cyto- and genotoxic effects were found in human cervical (HeLa) and liver (Hep-G2) cells for any of the investigated compounds or their phototransformation products. This comparative study documents that phototransformation products can arise as a result of UV treatment of wastewater containing these pharmaceuticals. It further demonstrates that some phototransformation products may have a higher environmental risk potential than the respective parent compounds because some phototransformation products exhibited a higher bacterial toxicity

Elution of Monomers from Provisional Composite Materials

The aim of this study was to evaluate the elution of substances from different materials used for the manufacturing of temporary indirect restorations, after storage in saliva and ethanol 75%. 10 samples of three chemically cured materials (Protemp 3 Garant, Systemp.c&b, and Trim) and one light-cured material (Clip F) were stored in saliva and ethanol 75% for 24 h, 7, and days 28 days. From the storage media at each time period, samples were prepared and analysed by LC-MS/MS, in order to access the elution of monomers. The results differed among the materials (P ≤ 0.05). No monomers were detected in the samples of Protemp 3 Garant and Clip F. Substances were detected only in ethanol samples of Systemp.c&b and Trim. The amount of BisGMA, TEGDMA, and UDMA 2 released from Systemp.c&b was higher compared to Trim. Storage time affected the release of substances (P ≤ 0.05). The highest release was observed within the first 24 h. It can be concluded that provisional resin composite materials do not show high release of monomers and this release is material dependent. However, the detection of additional peaks during the analysis, suggesting the formation of by-products of the eluted substances, may not be in favour of these materials with respect to their toxicity

Determinación de daño genético en comerciantes de plaguicidas en el departamento de Matagalpa

El daño citogenético asociado con plaguicidas por PARTE de comerciantes de agroquímicos fue evaluado en el departamento de Matagalpa analizando micronúcleos en células bucales (MNBC). Así mismo, fue evaluada la exposición crónica a plaguicidas usando la prueba de acetilcolinesterasa y adicionalmente se identificaron mutaciones de manera exploratoria en el gen CYP2D6, implicado en el metabolismo de plaguicidas. La comparación entre comerciantes de plaguicidas y controles reveló diferencias significativas en las frecuencias de MNBC (6.23±2.2 vs. 3.63±1.3 MN/2000 MNBC, P<0.001, t de student). Niveles de colinesterasa indican efecto neurotóxico crónico en los comerciantes de plaguicidas. Estos comerciantes utilizan poco o ningún equipo de protección personal así como medidas de seguridad. Este es el primer estudio a nivel nacional que reporta efecto citogenético de exposición crónica a plaguicidas en comerciantes expuestos

Genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of catechin and tannins from the bark of <em>Hamamelis virginiana</em> L. in metabolically competent, human hepatoma cells (Hep G2) using single cell gel electrophoresis

International audienceThe genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities of catechin, hamamelitannin and two proanthocyanidin fractions prepared from the bark of Hamamelis virginiana L. were investigated in a human derived, metabolically competent hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) for the detection of DNA-damage. DNA-migration was calculated as Olive tail moment (OTM). Catechin and a low-molecular weight proanthocyandin fraction (WM) caused only slight increases of OTM up to concentrations of 166 μg/ml whereas hamamelitannin and the proanthocyandin fraction with higher molecular weight (WA) led to a two-fold enhancement of OTM at the same concentrations. These effects were dose-independent. Treatment of the cells with the test compounds in a dose-range of 2–166 μg/ml prior to the exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P, 10 μM, 2.5 μg/ml) led to a significant reduction of induced DNA damage which was dose-dependent for all test compounds, except for hamamelitannin. The inhibitory effects of proanthocyanidins were stronger than those of catechin and hamamelitannin; the lowest effective concentrations were about 2 μg/ml. In order to clarify the mechanisms of protection, possible effects of the test compounds on enzymes involved in toxification and detoxification of B(a)P were investigated. While B(a)P toxification by cytochrome P450 was not inhibited by the test compounds, detoxification by glutathion-S-transferase (GST) was induced by catechin and WM. Combination experiments with the ultimate metabolite of B(a)P, (±)-anti-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE; 5 μM, 1.5 μg/ml), revealed strong inhibitory effects, indicating that the observed protective effects were caused by scavenging of the ultimate mutagen by the test compounds. Exposure of Hep G2 cells to the test compounds after B(a)P treatment did not influence B(a)P induced DNA damage, demonstrating that repair mechanisms were not affected

Biochemical Interpretation of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) for Biodegradation of N-Heterocycles : A Complementary Approach to Predict Biodegradability

Prediction of the biodegradability of organic compounds is an ecologically desirable and economically feasible tool for estimating the environmental fate of chemicals. We combined quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) with the systematic collection of biochemical knowledge to establish rules for the prediction of aerobic biodegradation of N-heterocycles. Validated biodegradation data of 194 N-heterocyclic compounds were analyzed using the MULTICASE-method which delivered two QSAR models based on 17 activating (QSAR 1) and on 16 inactivating molecular fragments (QSAR 2), which were statistically significantly linked to efficient or poor biodegradability, respectively. The percentages of correct classifications were over 99% for both models, and cross-validation resulted in 67.9% (QSAR 1) and 70.4% (QSAR 2) correct predictions. Biochemical interpretation of the activating and inactivating characteristics of the molecular fragments delivered plausible mechanistic interpretations and enabled us to establish the following biodegradation rules: 1. Target sites for amidohydrolases and for cytochrome P450 monooxygenases enhance biodegradation of nonaromatic N-heterocycles. 2. Target sites for molybdenum hydroxylases enhance biodegradation of aromatic N-heterocycles. 3. Target sites for hydratation by an urocanase-like mechanism enhance biodegradation of imidazoles. Our complementary approach represents a feasible strategy for generating concrete rules for the prediction of biodegradability of organic compounds

Elution of Monomers from Provisional Composite Materials

The aim of this study was to evaluate the elution of substances from different materials used for the manufacturing of temporary indirect restorations, after storage in saliva and ethanol 75%. 10 samples of three chemically cured materials (Protemp 3 Garant, Systemp.c&amp;b, and Trim) and one light-cured material (Clip F) were stored in saliva and ethanol 75% for 24 h, 7, and days 28 days. From the storage media at each time period, samples were prepared and analysed by LC-MS/MS, in order to access the elution of monomers. The results differed among the materials ( ≤ 0.05). No monomers were detected in the samples of Protemp 3 Garant and Clip F. Substances were detected only in ethanol samples of Systemp.c&amp;b and Trim. The amount of BisGMA, TEGDMA, and UDMA 2 released from Systemp.c&amp;b was higher compared to Trim. Storage time affected the release of substances (P ≤ 0.05). The highest release was observed within the first 24 h. It can be concluded that provisional resin composite materials do not show high release of monomers and this release is material dependent. However, the detection of additional peaks during the analysis, suggesting the formation of by-products of the eluted substances, may not be in favour of these materials with respect to their toxicity