19 research outputs found
A new class of glycomimetic drugs to prevent free fatty acid-induced endothelial dysfunction
Background: Carbohydrates play a major role in cell signaling in many biological processes. We have developed a set of glycomimetic drugs that mimic the structure of carbohydrates and represent a novel source of therapeutics for endothelial dysfunction, a key initiating factor in cardiovascular complications. Purpose: Our objective was to determine the protective effects of small molecule glycomimetics against free fatty acidinduced endothelial dysfunction, focusing on nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress pathways. Methods: Four glycomimetics were synthesized by the stepwise transformation of 2,5dihydroxybenzoic acid to a range of 2,5substituted benzoic acid derivatives, incorporating the key sulfate groups to mimic the interactions of heparan sulfate. Endothelial function was assessed using acetylcholineinduced, endotheliumdependent relaxation in mouse thoracic aortic rings using wire myography. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) behavior was evaluated in the presence or absence of the free fatty acid, palmitate, with or without glycomimetics (1µM). DAF2 and H2DCFDA assays were used to determine nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, respectively. Lipid peroxidation colorimetric and antioxidant enzyme activity assays were also carried out. RTPCR and western blotting were utilized to measure Akt, eNOS, Nrf2, NQO1 and HO1 expression. Results: Ex vivo endotheliumdependent relaxation was significantly improved by the glycomimetics under palmitateinduced oxidative stress. In vitro studies showed that the glycomimetics protected HUVECs against the palmitateinduced oxidative stress and enhanced NO production. We demonstrate that the protective effects of preincubation with glycomimetics occurred via upregulation of Akt/eNOS signaling, activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, and suppression of ROSinduced lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: We have developed a novel set of small molecule glycomimetics that protect against free fatty acidinduced endothelial dysfunction and thus, represent a new category of therapeutic drugs to target endothelial damage, the first line of defense against cardiovascular disease
Migration studies e capitale sociale
L'introduzione del concetto di capitale sociale nello studio dei processi e dei percorsi di emigrazione-immigrazione ha prodotto nella letteratura internazionale una ricchezza di studi e ricerche che ha aperto interessanti prospettive di analisi. I problemi aperti sono molti, ma spesso la risposta data apre nuovi e diversi orizzon-ti. Lo studio delle migrazioni e delle loro dinamiche alla luce del concetto di capitale sociale, consente di riflettere sui meccanismi di 'funzionamento' delle società ospitanti, di interrogarsi nuovamente sul senso e significato, nella società globale, di dimensioni di vita (prima che concetti teorico-empirici), quali fiducia, integra-zione sociale, integrazione sistemica, cultura civica, impegno sociale, relazioni in-terpersonali, comunità elettive: qualità e natura del tessuto relazionale di una socie-tà in rapido mutamento.
Si è cercato di dare risalto, attraverso i diversi contributi qui presentati, alle va-rie forme di capitale sociale che si delineano in un contesto di immigrazione e di diversità culturale. L’obiettivo dei saggi presentati è quello di fare il punto sul di-battito attuale a livello internazionale sul tema di capitale sociale e migration stu-dies, e disporre un approccio nell’ambito della sociologia delle migrazioni in grado di indagare più in profondità le diverse dimensioni dei processi migratori
Insulin-independent stimulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake by low-dose abscisic acid via AMPK activation
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone active also in mammals where it regulates, at nanomolar concentrations, blood glucose homeostasis. Here we investigated the mechanism through which low-dose ABA controls glycemia and glucose fate. ABA stimulated uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG by L6, and of [18F]-deoxy-glucose (FDG) by mouse skeletal muscle, in the absence of insulin, and both effects were abrogated by the specific AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. In L6, incubation with ABA increased phosphorylation of AMPK and upregulated PGC-1\u3b1 expression. LANCL2 silencing reduced all these ABA-induced effects. In vivo, low-dose oral ABA stimulated glucose uptake and storage in the skeletal muscle of rats undergoing an oral glucose load, as detected by micro-PET. Chronic treatment with ABA significantly improved the AUC of glycemia and muscle glycogen content in CD1 mice exposed to a high-glucose diet. Finally, both acute and chronic ABA treatment of hypoinsulinemic TRPM2-/- mice ameliorated the glycemia profile and increased muscle glycogen storage. Altogether, these results suggest that low-dose oral ABA might be beneficial for pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects by increasing insulin-independent skeletal muscle glucose disposal through an AMPK-mediated mechanism