The sedimentary environment in the Ljubljansko barje basin during the pile-dwelling period

Geološki procesi na Ljubljanskem barju po zadnjem glacialnem višku so le splošno poznani. Izjemoma sicer poznamo detajlne razmere, vendar so te prostorsko in časovno fragmentarne. Artefakti iz arheoloških najdišč so bili v preteklosti deležni natančnega proučevanja, sami sedimenti s kulturno vsebino, njihova talnina in krovnina pa bistveno manj. Pot do boljšega razumevanja okoljskih razmer v času kolišč verjetno vodi prav preko natančnega poznavanja sedimentov in pokopanih tal ter razumevanja evidentiranih stratigrafskih hiatusov.Geological processes on the Ljubljansko barje basin after the Last Glacial Maximum are known merely on a general level. At few points more detailed circumstances are known, but this information is fragmented spatially and temporally. While artefacts from the archaeological sites were studied in detail, the sediments were mostly only imperfectly described. Better understanding of the evolution of the environment requires accurate study of these sediments and buried soils, and detection of evident stratigraphical hiatuses

NAPOVEDOVANJE KEMIČNE SESTAVE IN ENERGIJSKE VREDNOSTI TRAVNE SILAŽE Z BLIŽNJO INFRARDEČO REFLEKSIJSKO SPEKTROSKOPIJO

One hundred and eighteen grass silage samples with known chemical composition and in vitro determined concentration of net energy for lactation (NEL) were scanned over the wavelength range from 1100 to 2500 nm at 8 nm intervals. Calibration equations for the prediction of crude protein (CP), crude fi bre (CF), crude fat (F), crude ash (A), dry matter of air-dried samples (DM) and NEL were developed by the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and modifi ed partial least squares regression technique (mPLS). NIRS demonstrated high predictive ability for CP (R2 = 0.97), CF (R2 = 0.96) and A (R2 = 0.94). Moderate accuracy was characteristic for F and DM (R2 = 0.81 and 0.79). Crude protein, F and DM deviations from reference methods were comparable to those which are expected by the use of the same reference methods in different laboratories. The determination coeffi cient for in vitro assessed NEL concentration was 0.76. Seventy-seven percent of samples lied within acceptable limits of ± 0.3 MJ NEL kg-1DM. Suboptimal sample distribution, i.e. small number of samples in classes below 4.6 and above 6.0 MJ NEL kg-1DM was observed. It seems that deviations of NIRS predicted values from the reference values were related to the concentration of NEL. It was concluded that NIRS shows the potential for reliable determination of chemical composition and energy value of grass silage.Stoosemnajstim vzorcem travne silaže z znano kemično sestavo in in vitro določeno vsebnostjo neto energije za laktacijo (NEL) smo v valovnem območju med 1100 in 2500 nm na vsakih 8 nm izmerili spektre odbite bližnje infrardeče svetlobe. S pomočjo analize glavnih komponent (PCA) in regresijske metode modifi ciranih delnih najmanjših kvadratov (mPLS) smo razvili umeritvene enačbe za napovedovanje vsebnosti surovih beljakovin (SB), surove vlaknine (SVl), surovih maščob (M), surovega pepela (P), suhe snovi zračno suhih vzorcev (DM) in NEL. Metoda NIRS je bila zelo dobra pri napovedovanju SB (R2 = 0,97), SVl (R2 = 0,96) in A (R2 = 0,94). Za M in DM je bila značilna zmerna točnost (R2 = 0,81 in 0,79). Pri SB, M in DM so bila odstopanja od referenčnih metod primerljiva z odstopanji, ki jih lahko pričakujemo pri izvajanju istih referenčnih metod v različnih laboratorijih. Determinacijski koeficient za in vitro ocenjeno koncentracijo NEL je znašal 0,76. Sedeminsedemdeset odstotkov vzorcev je ležalo znotraj sprejemljivih meja ± 0,3 MJ NEL kg-1SS. Za vzorce travnih silaž je bila značilna ne-optimalna porazdelitev vzorcev, t.j. majhno število vzorcev v razredih pod 4,6 in nad 6,0 MJ NEL kg-1SS. Izgleda, da so odstopanja med NIRS ocenjenimi vrednostmi in referenčnimi vrednostmi povezana z vsebnostjo NEL. Sklenili smo, da je z NIRS metodo mogoče zanesljivo oceniti kemično sestavo in energijsko vrednost travne silaže

Uvodna razprava za posodobitev kronologije mlajšega pleistocena v Sloveniji

The contribution gives a concise outline of European continuous chronologies of Upper Pleistocene, with special emphasis given to its early and middle glacial stages. Included is a discussion of deep-sea sediments, fossil ice, and pollen and loess profiles. Instead of the classic discontinuous alpine chronology consisting of three Wiirm stadials and two interstadials, a new chronological time-scale is proposed (Jig. 11), based on continuous chronologies. The Palaeolithic sites of Slovenia have as yet not been classified according to this new time-scale, however.Prispevek podaja zgoščen pregled evropskih kontinuiranih kronologij mlajšega pleistocena s poudarkom na zgodnjem in srednjem glacialu. Obravnava globokomorske usedline, fosilni led, pelodne in puhlične profile. V zameno za klasično diskontinuirano alpsko kronologijo s tremi wiirmskimi stadiali in dvema interstadialoma predlaga novo kronološko shemo (si. H), ki sloni na kontinuiranih kronologijah. V novo shemo zaenkrat še ne uvršča slovenska paleolitska najdišča

Early Roman barge from the Ljubljanica River at Sinja Gorica

Preventive underwater archaeological surveying in the bed of the Ljubljanica River, conducted at Sinja Gorica in 2008, revealed the remains of an Early Roman wooden barge from the beginning of the 1st century AD. Detailed documentation of the 4.5m long and 2.8m wide section of the boat followed in October 2012 and included photogrammetric three-dimensional modelling. The construction characteristics and size revealed a boat of the Mediterranean shipbuilding tradition, with an elongated oval shape and a flat bottom and vertical sides, constructed using the shell-first technique and planks fastened with iron clamps, while the hull was reinforced with floor-timbers in a manner not yet published in the relevant literature. The barge, made mostly of beech wood, was built soon after AD 3 according to the dendrochronological analysis. The wood is very poorly preserved. The barge was presumably used to transport cargo between Nauportus and Emona

Zgodnjerimska ladja iz Ljubljanice pri Sinji Gorici = Early Roman barge from the Ljubljanica River at Sinja Gorica

Zgodnjerimska ladja iz Ljubljanice pri Sinji Gorici = Early Roman barge from the Ljubljanica River at Sinja Goric

Taxation of wages in the Alps-Adriatic region

Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy and Slovenia differ not only in level of average gross wage but also in the overall taxation of wages. While Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia tax the average gross wage less than Italy and Austria, a comparison of gross wages that are in absolute values close to the average gross wages of Italy and Austria or higher shows the reverse, i.e. it reveals a considerably higher taxation in the former three countries

Človekov vpliv na okolje v prazgodovini: primer z obrežja Ljubljanice pri Špici (Ljubljana)

This paper presents the results of multi-proxy palaeo-ecological research (luminescence and radiocarbon dating, grain size measurement, loss-on-ignition, pollen, microcharcoal and plant macrofossil analysis), with the aim of reconstructing palaeo-environmental conditions and the impact of prehistoric people on the vegetation in Ljubljana (central Slovenia). The results of luminescence dating and pollen analysis suggest that the Late Copper Age (ca. 2500 cal. BC) archaeological settlement at Špica, which is located on the embankment of the Ljubljanica River, was built directly on silty sediment, which was deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 20 ka). Late glacial and early/middle Holocene sediment, which is missing, was presumably removed by fluvial processes. Therefore, only environmental conditions in the late prehistory after ca. 2500 cal. BC were reconstructed. The results of palynological research suggest that mixed forests with beech, fir, oak, and hornbeam were growing near the Špica settlement. Human impact on the environment was moderate, with weak traces of agricultural activities. After the abandonment of the settlement, the traces of human impact on the environment became more apparent, especially in the Iron Age, when the pollen of plants growing on (abandoned) fields and ruderal ground (cereals, goosefoot, mugwort) and grazing indicators (ribwort plantain) increases. Fir, which is sensitive to grazing and fire, declines. A major clearance of beech forest is dated in the Early Roman Age, most probably in mid-1st century BC (ca. 162 cal. BC–AD 52). These changes of vegetation can be associated with prehistoric and Roman archaeological sites of Tribuna and Prule, which is in the vicinity of Špica.V članku so predstavljeni rezultati paleoekoloških multidisciplinarnih raziskav, s pomočjo katerih smo rekonstruirali nekdanje okoljske razmere in vpliv prazgodovinskih prebivalcev Ljubljane na takratno vegetacijo. Rezultati luminiscenčnega datiranja in pelodne analize kažejo, da je bila poznoeneolitska (pribl. 2500 cal. BC) naselbina na obrežju Ljubljanice na Špici postavljena neposredno na meljast sediment, ki se je odlagal med viškom zadnje poledenitve pred približno 20.000 leti. Poznoglacialni in zgodnje-/srednjeholocenski sediment, ki manjka, je verjetno odnesla voda, zato lahko rekonstruiramo le prazgodovinske okoljske razmere od sredine 3. tisočletja pr. n. št. naprej. Na podlagi rezultatov palinološke raziskave lahko sklepamo, da so v bližini arheološke naselbine na Špici uspevali mešani gozdovi, v katerih so prevladovali bukev, jelka, hrast in navadni gaber. Človekov vpliv je bil zmeren, zaznamo lahko šibke sledove poljedelskih aktivnosti. Po opustitvi naselbine na Špici sledovi človekovega vpliva na okolje postanejo intenzivnejši, še zlasti v železni dobi, ko naraste delež peloda rastlin, značilnih za (opuščena) polja in ruderalna tla (žita, metlikovke, pelin) ter pašnike (ozkolistni trpotec). Delež jelke, ki je občutljiva za pašo in požiganje gozda, upade. Večje izsekavanje bukovega gozda je datirano v zgodnjerimsko obdobje, najverjetneje v sredino 1. st. pr. n. št. (162 pr. n. št.–52 n. št.). Opisane spremembe vegetacije lahko povežemo s prazgodovinskimi in rimskodobnimi arheološkimi najdišči na Tribuni in Prulah, v neposredni bližini Špice

Zgodnjerimska ladja iz Ljubljanice pri Sinji Gorici

Preventive underwater archaeological surveying in the bed of the Ljubljanica River, conducted at Sinja Gorica in 2008, revealed the remains of an Early Roman wooden barge from the beginning of the 1st century AD. Detailed documentation of the 4.5m long and 2.8m wide section of the boat followed in October 2012 and included photogrammetric three-dimensional modelling. The construction characteristics and size revealed a boat of the Mediterranean shipbuilding tradition, with an elongated oval shape and a flat bottom and vertical sides, constructed using the shell-first technique and planks fastened with iron clamps, while the hull was reinforced with floor-timbers in a manner not yet published in the relevant literature. The barge, made mostly of beech wood, was built soon after AD 3 according to the dendrochronological analysis. The wood is very poorly preserved. The barge was presumably used to transport cargo between Nauportus and Emona.Med preventivnimi podvodnimi arheološkimi pregledi struge Ljubljanice pri Sinji Gorici leta 2008 so bili med drugim odkriti ostanki zgodnjerimske tovorne ladje z začetka 1. st. n. št. Oktobra 2012 je bil delno raziskan 4,5 m dolg in 2,8 m širok del ladje z ravnim dnom in navpičnimi boki. Za dokumentiranje je bilo uporabljeno fotogrametrično trirazsežnostno modeliranje. Po konstrukcijskih značilnostih in merah gre za rimsko tovorno ladjo sredozemske ladjedelniške tradicije, podolgovate ovalne oblike z ravnim dnom in samonosilno lupino, ki je je bila med gradnjo spojena s številnimi železnimi spojkami, zabitimi čez stike platic. Ladijski trup je bil dodatno spet s talnimi tramiči na način, ki doslej v literaturi še ni bil opisan. Ladja, izdelana pretežno iz bukovega lesa, je bila glede na rezultate dendrokronološke analize zgrajena kmalu po letu 3 našega štetja. Pregled je pokazal, da je les zelo slabo ohranjen. Sklepamo, da je bila ladja uporabljena za prevoz tovora med Navportom in Emono