Estudio filogenético de los géneros de Trichopterygini de Sudamérica Austral (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): una nueva clasifi cación

Phylogenetic study of the genera of South American Austral Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae): a new classifi cation. In this work, we evaluate the taxonomy of the Trichopterygini in Chile based on a phylogenetic analysis of the morphological attributes. In our analysis, we used Tatosoma and Sauris as outgroups. Two approaches were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships: 1) parsimony criterion, and 2) Bayesian inference. Parsimony analysis was conducted in PAUP software, and Bayesian analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo using the BayesPhylogenies software. Our results based on the phylogenetic hypothesis suggest a new taxonomic order for Trichopterygini of the Andean Region of Southern South America. The valid genera are: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra, Tomopteryx Philippi, Triptila Warren, Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, Warrenaria Parra. The main changes with respect to the previous taxonomic order are: 1) the genus Lagynopteryx Berg is subordinated under the Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren is a junior synonym of Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta is transferred to the genus Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana is a junior synonym of L. moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa is newly combined with the genus Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis is a junior synonym of D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophoraimbricaria is newly combined with the genus Danielaparra; 8) Triptiloides fasciata is a junior synonym of T. randallae; and 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. is described. Andean Region species are more closely related to the genus Tatosoma from New Zealand, the synapomorphies that demonstrate this are: swollen metaepimeron and hypertrophy of the second abdominal segment. A checklist of the genera and species of the tribe in the region, and the fi gures of adults and genitalia of some species are included.En este trabajo se evalúa la taxonomía de los Trichopterygini de Chile a partir de un análisis fi logenético de los atributos morfológicos. En nuestro análisis, hemos utilizado Tatosoma y Sauris como grupos externos. Se utilizaron dos enfoques para evaluar las relaciones fi logenéticas: 1) criterio de parsimonia, y 2) inferencia bayesiana. El análisis de parsimonia se realizó a través del programa PAUP y el análisis bayesiano con cadenas de Markov y Monte Carlo a través del programa BayesPhylogenies. Nuestros resultados basados en la hipótesis fi logenética sugieren un nuevo orden taxonómico para Trichopterygini de la Región Andina del Sur de Sudamérica. Los géneros válidos son: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra & Santos-Salas, Tomopteryx Philippi,Triptila Warren y Warrenaria Parra. Los principales cambios con respecto al orden taxonómico anterior son: 1) el género Lagynopteryx Berg se incorpora a Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren es el sinónimo junior de Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta se incorpora al género Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana es el sinónimo junior de L. Moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa es incorporada al género Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis es el sinónimo junior de D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophora imbricaria es incorporada al género Danielaparra; Triptiloides fasciata es el sinónimo junior de T. randallae; y 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. es descrita. Las especies de la Región Andina están más cerca del Tatosoma de Nueva Zelanda, las sinapomorfi as que demuestran esto son: el metaepimeron hinchado y la hipertrofia del segundo segmento abdominal. Se incluye un catálogo de los géneros y especies de la tribu en la región, y fotografías de adultos y armaduras genitales de algunas especies

A Fungal Effector With Host Nuclear Localization and DNA-Binding Properties Is Required for Maize Anthracnose Development

Plant pathogens have the capacity to manipulate the host immune system through the secretion of effectors. We identified 27 putative effector proteins encoded in the genome of the maize anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola that are likely to target the host’s nucleus, as they simultaneously contain sequence signatures for secretion and nuclear localization. We functionally characterized one protein, identified as CgEP1. This protein is synthesized during the early stages of disease development and is necessary for anthracnose development in maize leaves, stems, and roots. Genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies confirmed that this effector targets the host’s nucleus and defines a novel class of double-stranded DNA-binding protein. We show that CgEP1 arose from a gene duplication in an ancestor of a lineage of monocot-infecting Colletotrichum spp. and has undergone an intense evolution process, with evidence for episodes of positive selection. We detected CgEP1 homologs in several species of a grass-infecting lineage of Colletotrichum spp., suggesting that its function may be conserved across a large number of anthracnose pathogens. Our results demonstrate that effectors targeted to the host nucleus may be key elements for disease development and aid in the understanding of the genetic basis of anthracnose development in maize plants.Fil: Vargas, Walter Alberto. Universidad de Salamanca; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sanz Martín, José M.. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Rech, Gabriel E.. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Armijos Jaramillo, Vinicio D.. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Rivera Rodriguez, Lina Patricia. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Echeverria, María de Las Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Mínguez, José M.. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Thon, Michael R.. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Sukno, Serenella A.. Universidad de Salamanca; Españ

Long-Term Changes, Inter-Annual, and Monthly Variability of Sea Level at the Coasts of the Spanish Mediterranean and the Gulf of Cádiz

En prensa1,42

Desarrollo de un producto con base en fibra de zanahoria deshidratada para comedores escolares

Introducción: La fibra dietética procedente de la zanahoria, es una fuente de betacaroteno, precursor de vitamina A. Nutrientes indispensables en la alimentación, pues participan en variadas y diferentes funciones como antioxidantes, inmunidad, visión nocturna y en los niños (as) es fundamental, para su crecimiento y desarrollo. Metodología: Se desarrollaron tres formulaciones de repostería (quequitos), con fibra de zanahoria como uno de sus ingredientes, los sabores fueron: Nº1 naranja, Nº2: banano con almendra y Nº3: chocolate. Para determinar la aceptabilidad y palatabilidad, se realizó un “Focus Group” con niños escolares de edades entre 7 y 9 años. Resultados: Se encontró que la fibra de zanahoria aportó a las tres formulaciones, volumen, peso, y cantidades importantes de fibra 2,3 a 2,6 gramos y de ß carotenos 660 mcg, para un aproximado de 137 mcg de vitamina A o Equivalentes de Retinol, por porción de 40 gramos. La formulación de naranja, fue la más beneficiada en sabor, color y aroma; en la de chocolate, la fibra influyó negativamente en el sabor, mientras que en la de banano con almendra, afectó el color y proporcionó una textura húmeda que comprometió la vida útil del producto. Un 53% de los niños participantes eligió la formulación de naranja como favorito por su sabor. La investigación demostró que este producto es una alternativa novedosa de un alimento funcional, que permite mejorar la variedad y enriquecer la dieta de los niños (as) en el servicio de comidas servidas de los comedores escolares del país. También, se puede aprovechar a este sub producto de proceso “fibra de zanahoria” para desarrollar alimentos gustosos para el consumidor y beneficiosos en cuanto a su calidad nutricional. Se recomienda determinar la vida útil del producto y el diseño de un empaque que permita un adecuado manejo para la distribución y conservación del producto final. Objetivo general: Desarrollar un producto a base de fibra de zanahoria deshidratada, agradable al paladar, que permita variar y complementar la calidad nutricional de la dieta servida a los niños (as) que asisten a los comedores escolares

Auslander-Buchweitz approximation theory for triangulated categories

We introduce and develop an analogous of the Auslander-Buchweitz approximation theory (see \cite{AB}) in the context of triangulated categories, by using a version of relative homology in this setting. We also prove several results concerning relative homological algebra in a triangulated category \T, which are based on the behavior of certain subcategories under finiteness of resolutions and vanishing of Hom-spaces. For example: we establish the existence of preenvelopes (and precovers) in certain triangulated subcategories of \T. The results resemble various constructions and results of Auslander and Buchweitz, and are concentrated in exploring the structure of a triangulated category \T equipped with a pair (\X,\omega), where \X is closed under extensions and $\omega$ is a weak-cogenerator in \X, usually under additional conditions. This reduces, among other things, to the existence of distinguished triangles enjoying special properties, and the behavior of (suitably defined) (co)resolutions, projective or injective dimension of objects of \T and the formation of orthogonal subcategories. Finally, some relationships with the Rouquier's dimension in triangulated categories is discussed.Comment: To appear at: Appl. Categor. Struct. (2011); 22 page

Centro virtual de coordinación del conocimiento en VIH / Sida: experiencia de gestión del conocimiento en políticas en salud

Knowledge management helps to capture and disseminate existing knowledge, creating new knowledge, communication and collaboration between people who have it. Many organizations in Peru which are committed in the fight against HIV-AIDS have contributed to improving society's response to the epidemic; To do this, they have developed various activities and the way they have learned many lessons. However, these had not been systematized much less shared. Network Knowledge Management (RGC) in HIV-AIDS emerges as a community of practice composed of organizations and governmental and non-governmental seeking systematize their best practices effectively and efficiently achieving a collective learning about the achievements and failures in the topic of interest. These experiences are presented on the platform called "Virtual Knowledge Coordination Centre in HIV-AIDS (HIV CVCC)". The National Institute of Health (NIH) in order to meet one of its priorities and research agenda, results of the Concerted Health and contribute to the national policy of modernization of public administration Plan, assumes responsibility for the joint administration and management Peru AIDS Network RGC and HIV CVCC

Long-Term Changes in the Water Mass Properties in the Balearic Channels Over the Period 1996–2019

The analysis of a 24-year time series of Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) casts collected in the Balearic Channels (1996–2019) has allowed detecting and quantifying long-term changes in water mass properties in the Western Mediterranean. For the complete period, the intermediate waters have experienced warming and salting at rates of 1.4°C/100yr and 0.3–0.6/100yr for the Western Intermediate Water, and 1°C/100yr and 0.3–0.4/100yr for the Levantine Intermediate Water. The density of these two water masses has not changed. The deep waters, defined as those denser than 29.1 kg/m3, showed positive trends in temperature, salinity, and density (0.8°C/100yr, 0.2/100yr, and 0.02 kg.m–3/100yr, respectively). The high temporal variability of the upper layer makes the detection of long-term changes more difficult. Nevertheless, combining CTD data with temperature data from the oceanographic station at L’Estartit and simulated data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, it can be established that the Atlantic Water increased its temperature at a rate of 2.1–2.8°C/100yr and likely its salinity at a rate of 0.6/100yr. The water column absorbed heat at a rate equivalent to 1–1.2 W/m2. All these trends are much higher than those reported in previous works (more than double in some cases). The warming of the water column produced an increase in the thermosteric component of sea level. However, this increase was compensated by the decrease in the halosteric component. Besides these changes, other alterations related to the Western Mediterranean Transition have been observed over shorter periods. The temperature and salinity of the intermediate waters increased before the winter of 2004/2005 and then the temperature and salinity of the deep waters increased dramatically in 2005. The density of the deep water reached values unprecedented before 2005. Deep and intermediate waters were uplifted by the presence of such dense deep waters. The arrival of warmer and saltier intermediate waters from the Eastern Mediterranean is also observed, mainly after 2010.Postprin

Effect on Intermediary Metabolism and Digestive Parameters of the High Substitution of Fishmeal with Insect Meal in Sparus aurata Feed

The depletion of traditional protein sources and the impact this causes on the production costs of aquaculture feed make it necessary to find alternative materials that allow for the sustainability of production. Among various proposals, insects have drawn scholarly attention because of their high protein content and the efficiency of their production, both from an environmental and an economic perspective. However, nutritional changes in fish diets require further clarification regarding the effect of this new ingredient in fish performance and physiology. In this study, we evaluated the use of two insect meal species, Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor, for the partial replacement of fishmeal, as well as their influence on growth indices and the gut microbiome. Although the results showed a worsening of biometric parameters and a modification of the microbial community, the impact was different depending on the insect species and their rearing conditions. Thus, specific studies for each case are recommended.Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor were tested on account of their potential to replace fish protein in feed. Two levels of replacement for H. illucens, 30% and 50% (H30 and H50), and one for T. molitor, 50% (T50), as well as an additional diet with a modified fatty acid fraction (H50M), were investigated in relation to juvenile Sparus aurata growth indices, enzyme activities and gut microbiome. A T50 diet showed similar results to a control (C) diet, with no significant differences regarding morphological indices and minor differences for nutritional indices. Regarding the gut microbiome, H50M was the diet which showed the more similar prokaryotic community to C, which suggests that fatty acid fractions might influence the composition of the gut microbiome. Nevertheless, differences appeared to be related to a redistribution of dominant species, while changes in species affiliation were limited to minoritary species. The positive correlation between some of these minoritary species (Peptostreptococcus russellii, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Weisella confusa) and several fish growth parameters might explain differences between control and insect diets. Deciphering such uncertainty and revealing the potential role these unusual species may play on fish performance should be addressed in future investigations.INIA (Spanish Agricultural and Agro-Food Research Institute)Project RTA 2015-00021-C03-02 and FEDER fundsEuropean Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) and Consejeria de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, OPP71

Efectos de los nutrientes y compuestos biactivos de los alimentos en tejidos y células de cáncer humano: aproximación nutrigenómica

El cáncer es una condición de programación genética anormal en la cual cambios en la secuencia genómica alteran la estructura, función y expresión de proteínas que controlan procesos celulares esenciales como el crecimiento, la proliferación, la diferenciación y la apoptosis. Investigaciones en nutrición y cáncer han analizado los efectos de determinados nutrientes y compuestos bioactivos de los alimentos en el desarrollo y evolución de diversos tipos de cáncer.El objetivo de esta investigación fue revisar, en la información científica reciente, los efectos o interacciones de los nutrientes y compuestos bioactivos de los alimentos en tejidos y/o células de cáncer humano bajo una aproximación nutrigenómica. Se realizó una búsqueda de los artículos, publicados entre enero de 2011 y octubre de 2012, en la base de datos Pubmed, utilizando términos MeSH y “Text Word” relevantes para el objetivo de investigación. De esta búsqueda se obtuvo un total de 250 publicaciones de los cuales se seleccionaron 33. En general, los efectos e interacciones de los nutrientes y compuestos bioactivos selectivamente inducen la muerte e inhiben el crecimiento y proliferación de las células cancerígenas; sin embargo, bajo ciertas condiciones, dichos efectos e interacciones pueden promover la carcinogénesi

Luis mayor (Pitangus sulphuratus) en el Altiplano Mexicano

The Great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) has a continuous distribution in both slopes of Mexico, mainly in tropical zones. As a result of monthly samplings from December 2006 to August 2013, we report the occurrence of this species in eastern Aguascalientes and the Highland Plateau region of San Luis Potosi. Based on these records, we suggest that this species can be considered as a resident for this region, thus suggesting that its geographic distribution could be extended to the central plateau of Mexico