Production of bio-Olefins: tall-oils and waste greases to green chemicals and polymers

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Prediction of the PIONA and oxygenate composition of unconventional fuels with the Pseudo-Component Property Estimation (PCPE) method. Application to an Automotive Shredder Residues-derived gasoline

To check if an unconventional fuel can be burned in an engine, monitoring the stability in terms of composition is mandatory. When the composition of a conventional fuel cannot be measured for practical reason, it can be approximated using the API (American Petroleum Institute) relations (Riazi-Daubert) linking the hydrocarbon group fractions with well-chosen properties. These relations cover only the paraffin (coupling iso and normal), naphthene and aromatic (PNA) groups as they were developed for conventional fuels presenting neglected amounts of olefins and oxygenates. Olefins and oxygenates can be present in unconventional fuels. This paper presents a methodology applicable to any unconventional fuel to build a model to estimate the n-paraffin, iso- paraffin, olefin, naphthene, aromatic and oxygenate (PIONAOx) composition. The current model was demonstrated for an automotive shredder residues (ASR)-derived gasoline-like fuel (GLF). The model was trained using real fractions measured with a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC × GC-FID) technique. The lowest cumulated absolute error comparing with the confidence interval of the measured fractions was evaluated to be 12.4%. The model was tested for one fuel composition only, therefore, the error of the calculated fractions will be investigated with other fuels in future work. © 2018 SAE International. All Rights Reserved

Predicting the composition of unconventional fuels

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Development of Lignin-Based Mesoporous Carbons for the Adsorption of Humic Acid

[Image: see text] There is an increasing urge to make the transition toward biobased materials. Lignin, originating from lignocellulosic biomass, can be potentially valorized as humic acid (HA) adsorbents via lignin-based mesoporous carbon (MC). In this work, these materials were synthesized for the first time starting from modified lignin as the carbon precursor, using the soft-template methodology. The use of a novel synthetic approach, Claisen rearrangement of propargylated lignin, and a variety of surfactant templates (Pluronic, Kraton, and Solsperse) have been demonstrated to tune the properties of the resulting MCs. The obtained materials showed tunable properties (BET surface area: 95–367 m(2)/g, pore size: 3.3–36.6 nm, V(BJH) pore volume: 0.05–0.33 m(3)/g, and carbon and oxygen content: 55.5–91.1 and 3.0–12.2%, respectively) and good performance in terms of one of the highest HA adsorption capacities reported for carbon adsorbents (up to 175 mg/g)

Value added hydrocarbons from distilled tall oil via hydrotreating over a commercial NiMo catalyst

The activity of a commercial NiMo hydrotreating catalyst was investigated to convert distilled tall oil (DTO), a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry, into feedstocks for the production of base chemicals with reduced oxygen content. The experiments were conducted in a fixed bed continuous flow reactor covering a wide temperature range (325-450 degrees C). Hydrotreating of DTO resulted in the formation of a hydrocarbon fraction consisting of up to similar to 50 wt % nC(17)+C-18 paraffins. Comprehensive 2D GC and GC-MS analysis shows that the resin acids in DTO are converted at temperatures above 400 degrees C to cycloalkanes and aromatics. However, at these temperatures the yield of nC(17)+C-18 hydrocarbons irrespective of space time is drastically reduced because of cracking reactions that produce aromatics. The commercial NiMo catalyst was not deactivated during extended on-stream tests of more than 30 h. Modeling the steam cracking of the highly paraffinic liquid obtained during hydrotreatment of DTO at different process conditions indicates high ethylene yields (>32 wt %)

Experimental study on the temperature distribution in fluidised beds

Heat management problems often prevail in reactors when highly exothermic chemical reactions occur. In these situations, fluidised bed reactors are often preferred due to their excellent heat transfer capabilities. However, the design, scale-up and operation of these reactors is still challenging due to the complex hydrodynamics. To gain a better understanding on the heat transport in these reactors, the degree of temperature non-uniformity for several fluidisation regimes in a pseudo-2D fluidised bed was quantified using Infra-Red Thermography. The Probability Density Functions were obtained from the whole-field temperature data, which were quantified using the standard deviation, i.e. the width of the distribution, and skewness, i.e. the dominant temperatures in the distribution. Based on the heat loss data and bubble frequencies, the standard deviation and skewness are good indicators for the solids mixing behaviour for the studied fluidisation regimes. In addition, the effect of spout velocity on the thermal characteristics was studied