138 research outputs found
Quantification of Phytochemicals from Commercial Spirulina
The present study aimed to profile the polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, free amino acids, and polyphenols in 37 varieties of Spirulina commonly available in the market using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the biological potentials of the Spirulina samples were evaluated by analysing the in vitro antioxidant activities using various analytical techniques. The analyses revealed the presence of 13 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 18 amino acids, 7 sugars, and polyphenols. The polyunsaturated fatty acids contents were varied between Spirulina samples. The total polyunsaturated fatty acids amount was 4.25 mg/100 g, and the average among of sapienic acid detected was 2.25 mg/100 g, which was followed by linoleic acid (16.7%) and γ-linolenic acid (14%). Among the 7 sugars, the hexose levels were the highest (73.85%). The total amino acids contents ranged from 11.49 to 56.14 mg/100 g, and the individual essential amino acids accounted for 17% to 39.18%. The “natural” tablets exhibited the highest polyphenols levels (24 mg/g). All of the Spirulina samples expressed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, free amino acids, and polyphenols contents varied widely, and the variations in these compounds between the Spirulina samples were significant
Hypersaline Actinomycetes and Their Biological Applications
Actinomycetes are the potential sources of novel metabolites, therapeutic compounds, enzymes, and other chemicals. Among them, the applications of halophilic actinomycetes toward the medically and industrially important metabolites and enzymes are gaining increasing attention by the scientific community. A large number of novel compounds and enzymes from halophilic actinomycetes have been isolated and characterized from various geographic regions around the world. In this chapter, occurrence, characterization, halotolerant mechanisms, medical importance, metabolites, enzymes, and industrial applications of halophilic actinomycetes are discussed. Halophilic actinomycetes may also serve as good models for the production of important metabolites and enzymes with respect to stress response
Cow Dung Is a Novel Feedstock for Fibrinolytic Enzyme Production from Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. IND7 and Its Application in In Vitro Clot Lysis
Bacterial fibrinolytic enzymes find great applications to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases. The novel fibrinolytic enzymes from food grade organisms are useful for thrombolytic therapy. This study reports fibrinolytic enzyme production by Bacillus sp. IND7 in solid-state fermentation (SSF). In this study, cow dung was used as the cheap substrate for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme. Enzyme production was primarily improved by optimizing the nutrient and physical factors by one-variable-at-a-time approach. A statistical method (two-level full factorial design) was applied to investigate the significant variables. Of the different variables, pH, starch, and beef extract significantly influenced on the production of fibrinolytic enzyme (p < 0.05). The optimum levels of these significant factors were further investigated using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for enhanced fibrinolytic enzyme production were 1.23% (w/w) starch and 0.3 % (w/w) beef extract with initial medium pH 9.0. Under the optimized conditions, cow dung substrate yielded 8,345 U/g substrate, and an overall 2.5-fold improvement in fibrinolytic enzyme production was achieved due to its optimization. This is the first report of fibrinolytic enzyme production using cow dung substrate from Bacillus sp. in SSF. The crude enzyme displayed potent activity on zymography and digested goat blood clot completely in in vitro condition
Vegetable Peel Waste for the Production of ZnO Nanoparticles and its Toxicological Efficiency, Antifungal, Hemolytic, and Antibacterial Activities
Statistical optimization of thermo-alkali stable xylanase production from Bacillus tequilensis strain ARMATI
Background: Xylanase from bacteria finds use in prebleaching process
and bioconversion of lignocelluloses into feedstocks. The xylanolytic
enzyme brings about the hydrolysis of complex biomolecules into simple
monomer units. This study aims to optimize the cellulase-free xylanase
production and cell biomass of Bacillus tequilensis strain ARMATI using
response surface methodology (RSM). Results: Statistical screening
ofmediumconstituents and the physical factors affecting xylanase and
biomass yield of the isolate were optimized by RSM using central
composite design at N = 30, namely 30 experimental runs with 4
independent variables. The central composite design showed 3.7 fold and
1.5 fold increased xylanase production and biomass yield of the isolate
respectively compared to \u2018one factor at a time approach\u2019,
in the presence of the basal medium containing birchwood xylan (1.5%
w/v) and yeast extract (1% w/v), incubated at 40\ub0C for 24 h.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed high coefficient of determination
(R2) of 0.9978 and 0.9906 for the respective responses at significant
level (p < 0.05). The crude xylanase obtained from the isolate
showed stability at high temperature (60\ub0C) and alkaline condition
(pH 9) up to 4 h of incubation. Conclusions: The cellulase-free
xylanase showed an alkali-tolerant and thermo-stable property with
potentially applicable nature at industrial scale. This statistical
approach established a major contribution in enzyme production from the
isolate by optimizing independent factors and represents a first
reference on the enhanced production of thermo-alkali stable
cellulase-free xylanase from B. tequilensis
Bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus halodurans IND18: Purification and biochemical characterization
Background: Agro-wastes were used for the production of fibrinolytic
enzyme in solid-state fermentation. The process parameters were
optimized to enhance the production of fibrinolytic enzyme from
Bacillus halodurans IND18 by statistical approach. The fibrinolytic
enzyme was purified, and the properties were studied. Results: A
two-level full factorial design was used to screen the significant
factors. The factors such as moisture, pH, and peptone were
significantly affected enzyme production and these three factors were
selected for further optimization using central composite design. The
optimum medium for fibrinolytic enzyme production was wheat bran medium
containing 1% peptone and 80% moisture with pH 8.32. Under these
optimized conditions, the production of fibrinolytic enzyme was found
to be 6851 U/g. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified by 3.6-fold with
1275 U/mg specific activity. The molecular mass of fibrinolytic enzyme
was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, and it was observed as 29 kDa. The fibrinolytic enzyme
depicted an optimal pH of 9.0 and was stable at a range of pH from 8.0
to 10.0. The optimal temperature was 60\ub0C and was stable up to
50\ub0C. This enzyme activated plasminogen and also degraded the
fibrin net of blood clot, which suggested its potential as an effective
thrombolytic agent. Conclusions: Wheat bran was found to be an
effective substrate for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme. The
purified fibrinolytic enzyme degraded fibrin clot. The fibrinolytic
enzyme could be useful to make as an effective thrombolytic agent
In-silico analysis and mRNA modulation of detoxification enzymes GST delta and kappa against various biotic and abiotic oxidative stressors
This study reports the comprehensive comparative information of two different detoxification enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) delta and kappa from freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (designated as MrGSTD and MrGSTK) by investigating their in-silico characters and mRNA modulation against various biotic and abiotic oxidative stressors. The physico-chemical properties of these cDNA and their polypeptide structure were analyzed using various bioinformatics program. The analysis indicated the variation in size of the polypeptides, presence or absence of domains and motifs and structure. Homology and phylogenetic analysis revealed that MrGSTD shared maximum identity (83%) with crustaceans GST delta, whereas MrGSTK fell in arthropods GST kappa. It is interesting to note that MrGSTD and MrGSTK shared only 21% identity; it indicated their structural difference. Structural analysis indicated that MrGSTD to be canonical dimer like shape and MrGSTK appeared to be butterfly dimer like shape, in spite of four β-sheets being conserved in both GSTs. Tissue specific gene expression analysis showed that both MrGSTD and MrGSTK are highly expressed in immune organs such as haemocyte and hepatopancreas, respectively. To understand the role of mRNA modulation of MrGSTD and MrGSTK, the prawns were inducted with oxidative stressors such as bacteria (Vibrio harveyi), virus [white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)] and heavy metal, cadmium (Cd). The analysis revealed an interesting fact that both MrGSTD and MrGSTK showed higher (P < 0.05) up-regulation at 48 h post-challenge, except MrGSTD stressed with bacteria, where it showed up-regulation at 24 h post-challenge. Overall, the results suggested that GSTs are diverse in their structure and possibly conferring their potential involvement in immune protection in crustaceans. However, further study is necessary to focus their functional differences at proteomic level
Variation of quercetin glycoside derivatives in three onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties
AbstractThe aim of this study was to quantify the contents of individual quercetin glycosides in red, yellow and chartreuse onion by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Acid hydrolysis of individual quercetin glycosides using 6M hydrochloric acid guided to identify and separate quercetin 7,4′-diglucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 4′-glucoside, and quercetin. The contents of total quercetin glycosides varied extensively among three varieties (ranged from 16.10 to 103.93mg/g DW). Quercetin was the predominant compound that accounted mean 32.21mg/g DW in red onion (43.6% of the total) and 127.92mg/g DW in chartreuse onion (78.3% of the total) followed by quercetin 3-glucoside (28.83 and 24.16mg/g DW) respectively. Quercetin 3-glucoside levels were much higher in yellow onion (43.85mg/g DW) followed by quercetin 30.08mg/g DW. Quercetin 4′-glucoside documented the lowest amount that documented mean 2.4% of the total glycosides. The varied contents of glycosides present in the different onion varieties were significant
- …