856 research outputs found
The kindest cut: Enhancing the user experience of mobile tv through adequate zooming
The growing market of Mobile TV requires automated adaptation of standard TV footage to small size displays. Especially extreme long shots (XLS) depicting distant objects can spoil the user experience, e.g. in soccer content. Automated zooming schemes can improve the visual experience if the resulting footage meets user expectations in terms of the visual detail and quality but does not omit valuable context information. Current zooming schemes are ignorant of beneficial zoom ranges for a given target size when applied to standard definition TV footage. In two experiments 84 participants were able to switch between original and zoom enhanced soccer footage at three sizes - from 320x240 (QVGA) down to 176x144 (QCIF). Eye tracking and subjective ratings showed that zoom factors between 1.14 and 1.33 were preferred for all sizes. Interviews revealed that a zoom factor of 1.6 was too high for QVGA content due to low perceived video quality, but beneficial for QCIF size. The optimal zoom depended on the target display size. We include a function to compute the optimal zoom for XLS depending on the target device size. It can be applied in automatic content adaptation schemes and should stimulate further research on the requirements of different shot types in video coding
Energy Efficient Adaptive Network Coding Schemes for Satellite Communications
In this paper, we propose novel energy efficient adaptive network coding and
modulation schemes for time variant channels. We evaluate such schemes under a
realistic channel model for open area environments and Geostationary Earth
Orbit (GEO) satellites. Compared to non-adaptive network coding and adaptive
rate efficient network-coded schemes for time variant channels, we show that
our proposed schemes, through physical layer awareness can be designed to
transmit only if a target quality of service (QoS) is achieved. As a result,
such schemes can provide remarkable energy savings.Comment: Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social
Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 24 March 201
Adaptive Network Coding Schemes for Satellite Communications
In this paper, we propose two novel physical layer aware adaptive network
coding and coded modulation schemes for time variant channels. The proposed
schemes have been applied to different satellite communications scenarios with
different Round Trip Times (RTT). Compared to adaptive network coding, and
classical non-adaptive network coding schemes for time variant channels, as
benchmarks, the proposed schemes demonstrate that adaptation of packet
transmission based on the channel variation and corresponding erasures allows
for significant gains in terms of throughput, delay and energy efficiency. We
shed light on the trade-off between energy efficiency and delay-throughput
gains, demonstrating that conservative adaptive approaches that favors less
transmission under high erasures, might cause higher delay and less throughput
gains in comparison to non-conservative approaches that favor more transmission
to account for high erasures.Comment: IEEE Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 14th
Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop (ASMS/SPSC), 201
Network Coding Channel Virtualization Schemes for Satellite Multicast Communications
In this paper, we propose two novel schemes to solve the problem of finding a
quasi-optimal number of coded packets to multicast to a set of independent
wireless receivers suffering different channel conditions. In particular, we
propose two network channel virtualization schemes that allow for representing
the set of intended receivers in a multicast group to be virtualized as one
receiver. Such approach allows for a transmission scheme not only adapted to
per-receiver channel variation over time, but to the network-virtualized
channel representing all receivers in the multicast group. The first scheme
capitalizes on a maximum erasure criterion introduced via the creation of a
virtual worst per receiver per slot reference channel of the network. The
second scheme capitalizes on a maximum completion time criterion by the use of
the worst performing receiver channel as a virtual reference to the network. We
apply such schemes to a GEO satellite scenario. We demonstrate the benefits of
the proposed schemes comparing them to a per-receiver point-to-point adaptive
strategy
Evaluation of MU-MIMO Digital Beamforming Algorithms in B5G/6G LEO Satellite Systems
Satellite Communication (SatCom) systems will be a key component of 5G and 6G networks to achieve the goal of providing unlimited and ubiquitous communications and deploying smart and sustainable networks. To meet the ever-increasing demand for higher throughput in 5G and beyond, aggressive frequency reuse schemes (i.e., full frequency reuse), combined with digital beamforming techniques to cope with the massive co-channel interference, are recognized as a key solution. Aimed at (i) eliminating the joint optimization problem among the beamforming vectors of all users, (ii) splitting it into distinct ones, and (iii) finding a closed-form solution, we propose a beamforming algorithm based on maximizing the users' Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise Ratio (SLNR) served by a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite. We investigate and assess the performance of several beamforming algorithms, including both those based on Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter, i.e., Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Zero-Forcing (ZF), and those only requiring the users' locations, i.e., Switchable Multi-Beam (MB). Through a detailed numerical analysis, we provide a thorough comparison of the performance in terms of per-user achievable spectral efficiency of the aforementioned beamforming schemes, and we show that the proposed SLNR beamforming technique is able to outperform both MMSE and ZF schemes in the presented SatCom scenario
Evaluation of multi-user multiple-input multiple-output digital beamforming algorithms in B5G/6G low Earth orbit satellite systems
Satellite communication systems will be a key component of 5G and 6G networks to achieve the goal of providing unlimited and ubiquitous communications and deploying smart and sustainable networks. To meet the ever-increasing demand for higher throughput in 5G and beyond, aggressive frequency reuse schemes (i.e., full frequency reuse), combined with digital beamforming techniques to cope with the massive co-channel interference, are recognized as a key solution. Aimed at (i) eliminating the joint optimization problem among the beamforming vectors of all users, (ii) splitting it into distinct ones, and (iii) finding a closed-form solution, we propose a beamforming algorithm based on maximizing the users' signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio served by a low Earth orbit satellite. We investigate and assess the performance of several beamforming algorithms, including both those based on channel state information at the transmitter, that is, minimum mean square error and zero forcing, and those only requiring the users' locations, that is, switchable multi-beam. Through a detailed numerical analysis, we provide a thorough comparison of the performance in terms of per-user achievable spectral efficiency of the aforementioned beamforming schemes, and we show that the proposed signal to-leakage-plus-noise ratio beamforming technique is able to outperform both minimum mean square error and multi-beam schemes in the presented satellite communication scenario
Architectures and Key Technical Challenges for 5G Systems Incorporating Satellites
Satellite Communication systems are a promising solution to extend and
complement terrestrial networks in unserved or under-served areas. This aspect
is reflected by recent commercial and standardisation endeavours. In
particular, 3GPP recently initiated a Study Item for New Radio-based, i.e., 5G,
Non-Terrestrial Networks aimed at deploying satellite systems either as a
stand-alone solution or as an integration to terrestrial networks in mobile
broadband and machine-type communication scenarios. However, typical satellite
channel impairments, as large path losses, delays, and Doppler shifts, pose
severe challenges to the realisation of a satellite-based NR network. In this
paper, based on the architecture options currently being discussed in the
standardisation fora, we discuss and assess the impact of the satellite channel
characteristics on the physical and Medium Access Control layers, both in terms
of transmitted waveforms and procedures for enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB)
and NarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) applications. The proposed analysis
shows that the main technical challenges are related to the PHY/MAC procedures,
in particular Random Access (RA), Timing Advance (TA), and Hybrid Automatic
Repeat reQuest (HARQ) and, depending on the considered service and
architecture, different solutions are proposed.Comment: Submitted to Transactions on Vehicular Technologies, April 201
SatNEx: A Network of Excellence Providing Training in Satellite Communications
YesSatellite communications represents a specialised area of telecommunications. While the development of satellite technology is relatively slow in comparison to wireless networks evolution, due to the need for high reliability, the services that satellites are able to offer are evolving at much the same pace as their terrestrial counterparts. It is within this context that the satellite communications network of excellence (SatNEx) has evolved its initiative, the aim being to serve the engineering community with the latest technological trends, while also providing a solid grounding in the fundamentals for those new to the subject area.European Commission Framework Programme
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