Analysis of Roller Unit Assembly of Calcination Drum

Solid waste management is posing a great problem as the population is increasing day by day. The municipal sewage waste has to be disposed properly otherwise it will lead to air pollution and cause the serious effects on the health of human beings. The most common practice adopted is generating methane from municipal solid waste. For this purpose it is necessary that the municipal solid waste which is sent for further processing should be in the form of homogenous mass. In order to form the homogenous mass it is necessary that it should be separated in degradable and non degradable. This degradable waste is then converted into fine particles. To achieve this task the engineers have designed a special instrument named Calcination Drum. Usually Calcination Drum is also known as Rotary Kilns. In primary stage when the Calcination Drum was implemented it was found that some problems were encountered. The main aim of this project is to solve the problems related to guide ring and support roller shaft of Calcination Drum. The shaft is redesigned by changing its material and considering all forces acting on it. Similarly the modified fabrication process is also suggested for guide ring. In this paper Analysis of roller shaft, roller and Calcination drum is carried out and the stress and deformation is found out in static and dynamic condition. For theoretical calculations of shaft the standard data is taken from design data book and for guide ring Hertz contact stress theory is used

A case report: incidental diagnosis of endometrial tuberculosis in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), including heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), levy a massive burden on society. Here, we discuss about two patients who came to OPD with AUB symptoms for evaluation, but incidentally diagnosed with endometrial tuberculosis. In Case 1, 45-year-old female came with complains of heavy menstrual bleeding for 6 months for 6 months. USG showed adenomyosis. Patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. But on day 7 she developed serous blood-tinged discharge per vaginum. Incidentally, patient endometrial CBNAAT report came positive for MTB, with no resistance to rifampicin. Patient was started on anti-tubercular treatment for 6 months. In Case 2, 43-year-old female came with complaints of HMB with pain abdomen and irregular menses for 3 years. USG shows early changes of Adenomyosis. Patient underwent therapeutic curettage with MIRENA insertion. Endometrial CBNAAT was negative and liquid culture (LJ) was MDR positive. Sensitivity report s/o of isoniazid and rifampicin resistant. Patient was advised monthly close follow up as symptoms were under control. When a routine screening for FGTB by CBNAAT is done for cases of AUB, there are high chances of reporting more cases in a developing nation like India. Hence sending endometrial samples for TB screening in AUB cases can be useful in finding out more cases of genital TB, where their symptoms can be related to TB infection rather than searching for a structural cause that may be is not the cause for the severe symptoms. Due to which mismanagement or unnecessary surgical interventions can be avoided

Immunohistochemical and Molecular Detection of pH1N1 in NecropsiedPulmonary Tissues of Fatal Cases with Indeterminate Conventional Testing

The rapid emergence of a novel influenza A/H1N1 virus designated pH1N1 2009 caused one of the fastest pandemics of the twentieth century. The rapid development of an accurate detection test for this pandemic virus using reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) helped in timely diagnosis. In India this pandemic peaked between August to October 2009. The r-RT PCR for pH1N1 2009 was the main diagnostic test used on throat/nasopharyngeal swabs in all cases. While in majority of the cases this test provided reliable confirmation of the virus, it gave negative or indeterminate results in a subset of cases meeting the standard case definition for the pandemic infection and negative for seasonal flu. In the present study we examined 4 such fatal cases where microscopic pathology of the lung was consistent with viral bronchopneumonia for the presence of pH1N1 2009 using r-RT PCR on nucleic acid extracted from the paraffin sections that showed presence of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry. In all 4 cases pH1N1 sequences could be identified. These findings therefore emphasize the important role of microscopic pathology techniques in conjunction with molecular tools in the diagnostic confirmation of novel agents during a public health emergency

Yield Advantages and Economic Returns from Pigeonpea/cotton Strip Intercropping Rotations on a Vertisol in the Indian Semi-Arid Tropics

Piponpen (Cajatrus cajcln (L.)M illsy.) is an it~rportnrltc otrrpor~ettto fsez~~rcurl opyin~sy stettls of the setni-rzrid troyics (SAT). 111 a 4-1/['11f~ie ld study (1990 to 7994), a nrcdirrnr ~ilirntiotp~ig c.ortpca, crrltiz~orl CPL 87119 ii~uss trip-irztercropyed rc~itlrh ybrid cotton, c~iltir~aNrH H 44 it1 fizlp replac~nrent serirps of four strip widths (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6-in strip) urzder thrcr lnnd-cottfiguratiot~ systems [flat, ridge arldfiirrow fI(F at 0.75-m), and broadbed and firrroiir (BBF at 1.5-/)I)/o n u Vertisol under rainfed cottditiotts at ICRlSAT Asia Center (IAC), lJotanAerri, Jnliia. A strip plot design ulas ~iscizfi ~ithl anil configrrrrrtion treatnrrnts allocnterl to uerticnl plots rltld crol~pitrs~ys tetns to horizontul plots with three replications. Each croy strip ulos rotated ujith at1 rlssociated intr~rcroy in a 2-year rotr~tiorc~y cle. Land co~lfiyuratiorlt rlJattiletlts retiloitled tcnchnrrge~id lrrirlg t l ~ ~ f oy~earrrs. ltrdiuidual crop yields rain or see~cfo t tor^ ar~ds tem dry nrntter) zcjcrt7 si'ynificantly. itt.f llrenced by the croypin~sy stertr but not by latld confiyuratiotr or treattrrertt interactions. Seed cotton yields ruere lti~hert h ~ npi ~eonpel~~r aitly ieliis. lJi~eottpead ry stiw yields zucre higher tltntl cotton stern yields during nllfuur yerlrs. Sol[>p i8eortpc.o gmin yield uariedfrort~0 ,49 to 2.57 t lra", u~hrrrnss ole seed cotton yield varied from 1.45 to 2.04 t IIU-'C. rop yields drcreosed as strip size zur~sr educed, zuitlr (yreater yield redtictiotts in cotton than in pi(ycottyea. Sole pigeonpea yroduced tttore total dry tnntter (TDM) (6.51 t ha-') than sole cotton (4.95 t ha.'). Cropping systenl TDM production increased as pi~eonpeas trip size ruas itzcreased. Land rquiz~alottr atio fLER) and nrorletnry zlal~itle quivalent mtio (MVER) indicated that strip it~tercroppingz ilas al7uays superior to sole croppittg. A strip itttercroppin~c onrbitzation of 4.5-it1 pigeonpea and 1.5-ttr cottcln Xavc the rtlaxirn~rnlm eart LER rlallrc (1.4) and MVER value (1.19). Averaged ozjerfotir years, sole. cottort had the rt~axirttrirrg~r oss (Rs. 19,87 thousatzds ha-') and net monetary returns (Rs. 14.25 thousartds ha.'), uttd sole pigeonpea hall the lowest gross (Rs. 12.41 thousands ha") and net monetary returns (Rs. 7.24 tltcuisands ha-'). All strip intercroppitlg systems iclrre more profitable than sole pigeonpeuroith nlaxinlunt net retlrrr~s (Rs, 9.97 thousands ha.') obtained from a strip intercropping conrbitzatiott of 1.5-111p igeonpea utld 4.5-m of cotton. Benefit:cost ratio varied widely among cropping systettrs at111 brtiuern years. However, sole cotton gave the maxitnum benefit:cost ratio of2.57,followed by sole yipjonyen with 11 value of2.18. Results of combined yield analysts of each rotatron cycle, lndrcated the sole prgeortprJ

BIOADHESIVE MULTIPARTICULATE (MICROSPHERS) DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW

The concept of controlled drug delivery has been traditionally used to obtain specific release rates or targeting of active ingredients. The phenomenon of bioadhesion has been studied extensively in the last decade and applied to improve the performance of these drug delivery systems. Recent advances in polymer science and drug carrier technologies have promulgated the development of novel drug carriers such as bioadhesive microspheres that have boosted the use of “bioadhesion†in drug delivery. This article presents the spectrum of potential applications of bioadhesive microspheres in controlled drug delivery ranging from the small molecules, to peptides, and to the macromolecular drugs such as proteins, oligonucleotides and even DNA. The development of mucus or cell-specific bioadhesive polymers and the concepts of cytoadhesion and bioinvasion provide unprecedented opportunities for targeting drugs to specific cells or intracellular compartments. Developments in the techniques for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of bioadhesive microspheres have also been discussed. Keywords: - Bioadhesion, Bioadhesive Microspheres, Development, Polymers

Protocol for establishing a model for integrated influenza surveillance in Tamil Nadu, India

The potential for influenza viruses to cause public health emergencies is great. The World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2005 concluded that the world was unprepared to respond to an influenza pandemic. Available surveillance guidelines for pandemic influenza lack the specificity that would enable many countries to establish operational surveillance plans. A well-designed epidemiological and virological surveillance is required to strengthen a country’s capacity for seasonal, novel, and pandemic influenza detection and prevention. Here, we describe the protocol to establish a novel mechanism for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in the four identified districts of Tamil Nadu, India. This project will be carried out as an implementation research. Each district will identify one medical college and two primary health centres (PHCs) as sentinel sites for collecting severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and influenza like illness (ILI) related information, respectively. For virological testing, 15 ILI and 10 SARI cases will be sampled and tested for influenza A, influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2 every week. Situation analysis using the WHO situation analysis tool will be done to identify the gaps and needs in the existing surveillance systems. Training for staff involved in disease surveillance will be given periodically. To enhance the reporting of ILI/SARI for sentinel surveillance, trained project staff will collect information from all ILI/SARI patients attending the sentinel sites using pre-tested tools. Using time, place, and person analysis, alerts for abnormal increases in cases will be generated and communicated to health authorities to initiate response activities. Advanced epidemiological analysis will be used to model influenza trends over time. Integrating virological and epidemiological surveillance data with advanced analysis and timely communication can enhance local preparedness for public health emergencies. Good quality surveillance data will facilitate an understanding outbreak severity and disease seasonality. Real-time data will help provide early warning signals for prevention and control of influenza and COVID-19 outbreaks. The implementation strategies found to be effective in this project can be scaled up to other parts of the country for replication and integration

Drug sensitivity testing on patient-derived sarcoma cells predicts patient response to treatment and identifies c-Sarc inhibitors as active drugs for translocation sarcomas

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity and low incidence comprise the biggest challenge in sarcoma diagnosis and treatment. Chemotherapy, although efficient for some sarcoma subtypes, generally results in poor clinical responses and is mostly recommended for advanced disease. Specific genomic aberrations have been identified in some sarcoma subtypes but few of them can be targeted with approved drugs. METHODS: We cultured and characterised patient-derived sarcoma cells and evaluated their sensitivity to 525 anti-cancer agents including both approved and non-approved drugs. In total, 14 sarcomas and 5 healthy mesenchymal primary cell cultures were studied. The sarcoma biopsies and derived cells were characterised by gene panel sequencing, cancer driver gene expression and by detecting specific fusion oncoproteins in situ in sarcomas with translocations. RESULTS: Soft tissue sarcoma cultures were established from patient biopsies with a success rate of 58%. The genomic profile and drug sensitivity testing on these samples helped to identify targeted inhibitors active on sarcomas. The cSrc inhibitor Dasatinib was identified as an active drug in sarcomas carrying chromosomal translocations. The drug sensitivity of the patient sarcoma cells ex vivo correlated with the response to the former treatment of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that patient-derived sarcoma cells cultured in vitro are relevant and practical models for genotypic and phenotypic screens aiming to identify efficient drugs to treat sarcoma patients with poor treatment options.Peer reviewe