Joint Destruction of Cadmium and Copper at Alternating Current Electrolysis in Sodium Hydroxide Solution

The dependence of the metal oxidation rate on the current density and temperature of joint destruction in sodium chloride was studied. It is established that the dependence of the oxidation rate of copper is linear and generally do not differ from the dependencies established at individual oxidation of copper in the solution of sodium chloride with concentration 46.5% wt. In contrast to the oxidation rate of copper, the oxidation rate dependence of cadmium has extreme character and the oxidation rate of cadmium at its joint oxidation of copper increased in 2-3 times indicating that the mutual influence of electrodes at the electrochemical process with alternating current. Thus, the obtained dependences can predict operating electrolysis parameters a obtain copper-cadmium oxide system of the given composition

Coordination and expertise foster legal textualism

Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-119791RA-I00; RTI2018-098882-B-I00), the Polish National Science Centre (2020/36/C/HS5/00111; 2017/25/N/HS5/00944), the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P1_179912), and the European Research Council (805498). Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 the Author(s).A cross-cultural survey experiment revealed a dominant tendency to rely on a rule’s letter over its spirit when deciding which behaviors violate the rule. This tendency varied markedly across (k = 15) countries, owing to variation in the impact of moral appraisals on judgments of rule violation. Compared with laypeople, legal experts were more inclined to disregard their moral evaluations of the acts altogether and consequently exhibited stronger textualist tendencies. Finally, we evaluated a plausible mechanism for the emergence of textualism: in a two-player coordination game, incentives to coordinate in the absence of communication reinforced participants’ adherence to rules’ literal meaning. Together, these studies (total n = 5,794) help clarify the origins and allure of textualism, especially in the law. Within heterogeneous communities in which members diverge in their moral appraisals involving a rule’s purpose, the rule’s literal meaning provides a clear focal point—an identifiable point of agreement enabling coordinated interpretation among citizens, lawmakers, and judges.Peer reviewe

CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL INFLAMMATION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: DEPENDENCE ON SEVERITY STAGE

A group of 112 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of severity were included into the study. Differential cell counts, IL-8, TNFα, and IL-10 concentrations were assayed in sputum and bronchial lavage. The results were compared in groups with different severity of the disease. High levels of macrophages in sputum and bronchial lavage were revealed in COPD of grade 1 and 2. More severe COPD was characterized by mean higher levels of neutrophils in sputum and bronchial lavage. Increased levels of IL-8 and TNFα cytokines have been found in bronchial secretions, independently on COPD severity. Interestingly, maximal levels of these cytokines were associated with mild /moderate stage of the disorder. We have confirmed distinct effects of inhaled corticosteroids upon cytokine levels in sputum and bronchial lavage samples. Sputum proved to be a useful biological material for studies of local inflammatory events in COPD

Сравнительное исследование структурных, функциональных и микроциркуляторных параметров в диагностике глаукомы

 PURPOSE: To conduct a comparative analysis of clinical and functional parameters in patients with primary openangle glaucoma (POAG), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG) and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES), to justify angio-OCT expedience in diagnostics and monitoring.METHODS: The study included 121 patients (121 eyes). Group 1 consisted of 29 patients (29 eyes) diagnosed with stage I PEG. Group 2 included 32 patients (32 eyes) diagnosed with stage I POAG. Group 3 consisted of 31 patients (31 eyes) with pseudoexfoliative syndrome signs. Group 4 (control) consisted of 28 people (28 eyes) without significant ophthalmopathology. Patients underwent standard ophthalmologic examination, tonography, gonioscopy, pachymetry, tonometry, perimetry, optical coherent angiography of the optic disc. All patients underwent 3 examinations: at baseline, 6 and 12 months after.RESULTS: Angio-OCT data comparison showed that morphometric parameters of the optic disc and microhemodynamics indices differed significantly between all the studied groups. Patients’ examination a year after revealed a negative dynamics of the optic disc parameters in some patients, with the most significant changes observed in PEG patients. To identify the diagnostic significance of the optic disc morphological parameters, the parameters of the peripapillary zone and the macular area, a comparative study of angioOCT data was conducted. Scatterplots with regression equations were also constructed based on data obtained during the second and the third follow-up examinations.CONCLUSION: The study results showed that morphometric indices and optic disc perfusion indices differ significantly both in healthy patients as compared to POAG patients, and in patients with different types of glaucoma. The conducted correlation analysis showed that morphometric indices dynamics correlate with microcirculation indicators in glaucoma patients. Retinal ganglion cells apoptosis and optic nerve fiber degradation was most prominent in PEG patients. Correlation analysis showed that the optic disc microcirculation indicators, specifically the perfusion density and vascular density, were the most significant criteria indicating the pathological process progression. Therefore they may be used as reliable markers  of the pathological process.ЦЕЛЬ. Провести сравнительный анализ клинико-функциональных показателей у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой (ПОУГ), псевдоэксфолиативной глаукомой (ПЭГ) и псевдоэксфолиативным синдромом (ПЭС), обосновать целесообразность использования метода ангио-ОКТ в их диагностике и мониторинге.МЕТОДЫ. В исследование был включен 121 пациент (121 глаз). Группу 1 составили 29 больных (29 глаз) с диагнозом «ПЭГ I стадии». В группу 2 были включены 32 пациента (32 глаза) с диагнозом «ПОУГ I стадии». Группу 3 составил 31 пациент (31 глаз) с признаками ПЭС. Группу 4 (контрольную) составили 28 человек (28 глаз) без значимой офтальмопатологии. Пациентам проводили стандартное офтальмологическое обследование, тонографию, гониоскопию, пахиметрию, тонометрию, периметрию, оптическую когерентную ангио-томографию диска зрительного нерва (ДЗН). Всем пациентам проводили 3 обследования: первичное обследование, второе через 6 месяцев и третье — через 12 месяцев. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ.Результаты сравнения данных ангио- ОКТ у пациентов различных групп показали, что имеются значимые отличия морфометрических показателей ДЗН, показателей микрогемодинамики между всеми исследуемыми группами. Обследование пациентов через 1 год выявило отрицательную динамику параметров ДЗН у больных ПЭГ, ПОУГ и ПЭС, наиболее значимые изменения наблюдались при ПЭГ. Для выявления диагностической значимости морфологических параметров ДЗН, параметров перипапиллярной зоны и макулярной области было проведено сравнительное исследование данных ангио-ОКТ. На основании полученных данных после повторного и третьего приема также были построены диаграммы рассеяния с уравнениями регрессии.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Результаты исследования показали, что морфометрические показатели и показатели перфузии ДЗН значимо отличаются не только у здоровых пациентов в сравнении с пациентами с ПОУГ, но также у пациентов с разными видами глаукомы. Проведенный анализ показал, что динамика состояния морфометрических показателей коррелирует с изменением показателей микроциркуляции у больных глаукомой. Апоптоз ганглиозных клеток сетчатки и распад нервных волокон ДЗН более выражен у больных ПЭГ. Статистический анализ показал, что наиболее значимыми критериями, указывающими на прогрессирование патологического процесса, являются показатели микроциркуляции ДЗН – плотность перфузии и плотность сосудов, в связи с чем их можно рассматривать как маркеры патологического процесса