59 research outputs found
Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Post-stroke Rodent Brain
Stroke is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Middle cerebral artery
occlusion (MCAO) has historically been the most common animal model of simulating
ischemic stroke. The extent of neurological injury after MCAO is typically measured by
cerebral edema, infarct zone, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. A significant
limitation of these methods is that separate sets of brains must be used for each
measurement. Here we examine an alternative method of measuring cerebral edema,
infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO in the same set of brain samples.
Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 27)
was used for the evaluation of infarct zone and brain edema in rats post-MCAO (n = 17)
vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). Group 2 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of
BBB breakdown in rats post-MCAO (n = 15) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). In
Group 3 (n = 42), all three parameters were measured in the same set of brain slices in
rats post-MCAO (n = 26) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 16). The effect of Evans blue
on the accuracy of measuring infarct zone by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)
staining was determined by measuring infarct zone with and without an applied blue
filter. The effects of various concentrations of TTC (0, 0.05, 0.35, 0.5, 1, and 2%) on the
accuracy of measuring BBB permeability was also assessed. There was an increase in
infarct volume (p < 0.01), brain edema (p < 0.01) and BBB breakdown (p < 0.01) in rats
following MCAO compared to sham-operated controls, whether measured separately
or together in the same set of brain samples. Evans blue had an effect on measuring
infarct volume that was minimized by the application of a blue filter on scanned brain slices. There was no difference in the Evans blue extravasation index for the brain
tissue samples without TTC compared to brain tissue samples incubated in TTC. Our
results demonstrate that measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability
following MCAO can accurately be measured in the same set of brain samples
Enhancement of the Performance of Low-Efficiency HVAC Filters Due to Continuous Unipolar Ion Emission
Clinical behavior and outcomes of breast cancer in young women with germline BRCA pathogenic variants
Young breast cancer (BC) patients carrying a germline BRCA pathogenic variant (mBRCA) have similar outcomes as non-carriers. However, the impact of the type of gene (BRCA1 vs. BRCA2) and hormone receptor status (positive [HR+] vs. negative [HR 12]) on clinical behavior and outcomes of mBRCA BC remains largely unknown. This is an international, multicenter, hospital-based, retrospective cohort study that included mBRCA patients diagnosed, between January 2000 and December 2012, with stage I\u2013III invasive early BC at age 6440 years. From 30 centers worldwide, 1236 young mBRCA BC patients were included. Among 808 and 428 patients with mBRCA1 or mBRCA2, 191 (23.6%) and 356 (83.2%) had HR+tumors, respectively (P < 0.001). Median follow-up was 7.9 years. Second primary BC (P = 0.009) and non-BC malignancies (P = 0.02) were more frequent among mBRCA1 patients while distant recurrences were less frequent (P = 0.02). Irrespective of hormone receptor status, mBRCA1 patients had worse disease-free survival (DFS; adjusted HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60\u20130.96), with no difference in distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) and overall survival (OS). Patients with HR+ disease had more frequent distant recurrences (P < 0.001) and less frequent second primary malignancies (BC: P = 0.005; non-BC: P = 0.18). No differences in DFS and OS were observed according to hormone receptor status, with a tendency for worse DRFI (adjusted HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 0.94\u20132.05) in patients with HR+ BC. Type of mBRCA gene and hormone receptor status strongly impact BC clinical behavior and outcomes in mBRCA young patients. These results provide important information for patients\u2019 counseling on treatment, prevention, and surveillance strategies
Negatively and positively charged bacterial aerosol concentration and diversity in natural environments
Effect of relative humidity on the aerodynamic diameter and respiratory deposition of fungal spores
A Novel Method for Assessing Cerebral Edema, Infarcted Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Post-stroke Rodent Brain
Stroke is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Middle cerebral artery
occlusion (MCAO) has historically been the most common animal model of simulating
ischemic stroke. The extent of neurological injury after MCAO is typically measured by
cerebral edema, infarct zone, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. A significant
limitation of these methods is that separate sets of brains must be used for each
measurement. Here we examine an alternative method of measuring cerebral edema,
infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO in the same set of brain samples.
Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 27)
was used for the evaluation of infarct zone and brain edema in rats post-MCAO (n = 17)
vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). Group 2 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of
BBB breakdown in rats post-MCAO (n = 15) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). In
Group 3 (n = 42), all three parameters were measured in the same set of brain slices in
rats post-MCAO (n = 26) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 16). The effect of Evans blue
on the accuracy of measuring infarct zone by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)
staining was determined by measuring infarct zone with and without an applied blue
filter. The effects of various concentrations of TTC (0, 0.05, 0.35, 0.5, 1, and 2%) on the
accuracy of measuring BBB permeability was also assessed. There was an increase in
infarct volume (p < 0.01), brain edema (p < 0.01) and BBB breakdown (p < 0.01) in rats
following MCAO compared to sham-operated controls, whether measured separately
or together in the same set of brain samples. Evans blue had an effect on measuring
infarct volume that was minimized by the application of a blue filter on scanned brain slices. There was no difference in the Evans blue extravasation index for the brain
tissue samples without TTC compared to brain tissue samples incubated in TTC. Our
results demonstrate that measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability
following MCAO can accurately be measured in the same set of brain samples
- …