Tractor Lifetime Assessment Analysis

In this paper, two different approaches in analyzing the tractor lifetime assessment are presented. The first one is based on reliability theory and the other one is based on the relevant experience that was implemented in the ASABE standards. In this way, the dependence of tractor reliability and lifetime on working conditions is presented through two models verified in the paper. Tractors from two different producers were analyzed. Experimental data were collected during the tractor working engagement at the fields of Agricultural Corporation Belgrade (ACB). Analyzing the obtained data it is possible to find the mismanagement in the tractor usage. Removing them it is possible to extend the period of tractor utilization. In this way the overall organization of tractor- machinery system on a farm can significantly be improved

Tehničko-tehnološki aspekti obrade ostataka rezidbe u voćnjacima

Highly intensive fruit production in both basic and supplemental soil cultivation, along with other agricultural practices was found to impact both growth and fertility of fruit trees. Favorable effects may be expected if appropriate and timely soil cultivation is provided. Soil cultivation practices range from intensive to completely lacking, which results in the implementation of technical solutions such as machines and tools. The choice depends on the production technology, interrow spacing, climate, soil, etc. The aim of the study was to analyze exploitation parameters of the most frequently used rotary cultivator ('Nardi', Model ZH/B 145 C). Based on the results obtained, both current and potential machine users may be informed of the advantages and disadvantages of the cultivation. The machine may be used with working widths up to 1.45 m in palmette and slender spindle production systems. Optimal aggregates from the aspect of basic exploitation possibilities need to be analyzed focusing on the financial effect of fruit production.Ostaci rezibde u višegodišnjim zasadima predstavljaju balast koji je neophodno ukloniti odnosno obraditi u formi koja neće ometati prolazak sredstava mehanizacije tokom realizacije naredne operacije. Najzastupljeniji način obrade ostataka rezidbe, u našoj voćarskoj praksi je usitnjavanje i rasipanje u međurednom prostoru. Za realizaciju te radne operacije se primenjuje više tipova mašina za usitnjavanja biljne mase nastale rezidbom voćnjaka. Primenjena tehnička rešenja predstavljaju skupe uvozne mašine za čiju primenu treba dati kompetentan odgovor na pitanje, koja bi bila najadekvatnija zahtevima prakse. U obavljenim eksperimentima ispitivane su četiri mašine sa radnim elementima: ugaoni noževi koji rotiraju u horizontalnoj ravni, Y udarni sekači, delta udarni sekači (čekići) i pločasti udarni sekači koji rotiraju u vertikalnoj ravni. Merenja su obavljena u zasadima jabuke starosti 7-9 godina razlićitog međurednog i rednog rastojanja gde je debljina grana iznosila u proseku 3 cm pri brzinama agregata od 4,5; 6,2 i 7,5 km/h. Ostvarena dužina sečenja se kretala do 5 cm. Za upoređenje četiri tipa radnih organa u žiži interesovanja bile su postignute: dužine sečenja biljnog materijala i za to potrebna snaga pri različitim brzinama kretanja

Model prikolice za transport voća i grožđa

The problem with fruit production lies in big yields, that can differ much and in very sensitive fruits especially if they are for fresh consumption or stored fresh for longer period. Yield can vary from 20-50 t/ha up to 100 t/ha for apples. During harvesting, packaging, transportation out of the filed and to the storage and further, fruits are very susceptible to damage so special care must be taken. Evan a small damage during the manipulation in period of storage can cause a serious diseases and loss of quality. A producer from Smederevo has constructed a trailer with low clearance that is adjustable for coupling with small tractors (IMT 539 or IMT 542). This tractor-machinery couple is suitable for movement between rows and on public roads. The trailer is single-axel 3 m long, 1.5 m wide, with 1.3 m height and 0.24 m clearance.U voćarskoj proizvodnji neke vrste voća dostižu prinos i do 100 t (npr jabuke), a većina od 20-50 t, s jedne strane, i druge, da se radi o veoma osetljivim plodovima, pogotovu ako se isti čuvaju i koriste u svežem stanju u dužem vremenskom periodu. Prilikom berbe ploda, ostavljanje u ambalažu utovaru, iznošenju iz zasada, transportu do skladišta za čuvanje, mora se pokloniti izuzetna pažnja. I najmanje mehaničko oštećenje u toku čuvanja ploda dovodi do pojave bolesti - truleži. Proizvođač iz Smedereva konstruisao je prikolicu sa niskim klirensom prilagođenu da se agregatira s traktorom manje snage motora (npr. IMT-539 ili 542) tako da je agregat prilagođen za kretanje u zasadu i javnom saobraćaju. Prikolica je jednoosovinska dimenzija 3.000 x 1.500 mm, visine napred 1.300 i pozadi 240 mm

Mehanizovana rezidba šljive

The paper presents the results of the two-year long experiments with mechanized plum pruning of cv Stanley with hydraulic pruner HR-85 powered by tractors Rakovica 65 and Torpedo TD 75A. The results suggest that mechanized pruning is more widely applied in plum production and processing. Index of productivity of mechanized pruning with manual correction and mechanized pruning in comparison with manual pruning ranges from 1,50 to 87,94, depending on the condition of the orchard, average for two years investigation from 1,90 to 58,5.Rad predstavlja rezultate istraživanja mehanizovane rezidbe šljive sorte stenley. Rezidba je obavljena hidrauličnim rezačem HR-85 u agregatu sa traktorima Rakovica 65 i Torpedo TD 75A. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da se mehanizovana rezidba može koristiti u proizvodnji šljive za industrijsku preradu. Indeks proizvodnosti mehanizovane rezidbe sa ručnom korekcijom u odnosu na ručnu rezidbu je 1,50 i mehanizovane rezidbe u odnosu na ručnu je 87,94 što je zavisilo od stanja zasada, odnosno prosečno za dve godine ispitivanja 1,90 odnosno 58,5

Mehanizovana rezidba i berba šljive

The paper shows the results of the two-year experiments with hydraulic HT-83 shaker and HR-85 prune powered by tractor Rakovica 65. The tested plum cultivars was Stenly. The efficiency of the prune and harvester prowled great increasing in plum production and processing.Rad predstavlja rezultate istraživanja mehanizovane rezidbe i berbe šljive sorte Stenley. Rezidba je obavljena hidrauličnim rezačem HR-85, a berba hidrauličnim tresačem HT-83. Obe mašine su agregatirane sa traktorom Rakovica 65. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da se mehanizovana rezidba i berba može koristiti za industrijsku preradu šljive jer znatno ubrzavaju proces proizvodnje

Efekti mehanizovane rezidbe jabuke

The paper shows the results of the three year long experiments with hidraulic pruner HR-85 for pruning apple kinds (Starking Delicious, Jonathan, Golden Delicious) on stock seedling. The increase of height band width of crown during the period of investigation was different and was dependent of kind way of pruning and years of investigation. Necessary time for pruning ranged with: mechanized pruning from 14,47 (Jonathan) to 17,59 s/tree(Starking Delicious); mechanized pruning with hand correction from 569,46 (Golden Delicious) to 585,79 s/tree (Starking Delicious); with hand pruning from 832,53 (Jonathan) to 976,60 s/tree (Golden Delicious). Average working speed was 2,18 (Starking Delicious) to 2,64 km/h (Golden Delicious). The efficiency of the pruner is 52,24 (Starking Delicious) to 64,82 (Golden Delicious) times higher than manual pruning. On the basis of investigation it was established that with: Starking Delicious kind there is the influence of way of pruning to the yield; Jonathan and Golden Delicious kinds there is no the influence of way of pruning to the yield.U radu su dati trogodišnji rezultati ispitivanja hidrauličnog rezača HR-85 u rezidbi jabuke (starking, jonatan, zlatni delišes) na podlozi sejanac. Prirast visine i širine krune u ispitivanom periodu bio je različit i zavisio je od sorte, načina rezidbe i godine ispitivanja. Vreme za rezidbu kretalo se kod mehanizovane rezidbe od 14,47 (jonatan) do 17,59 (starking) s/stablo mehanizovane rezidbe sa ručnom korekcijom od 569,46 (zlatni delišes) do 585,79 (starking) s/stablo; kod ručne rezidbe od 832,53 (jonatan) do 976,60 (zlatni delišes) s/stablo. Kod jabuke starking postoji, a kod jabuka jonatan i zlatni delišes ne postoji uticaj različitih načina rezidbe na prinos

Racionalizacija transporta jabuka iz voćnjaka

In intensive fruit production, especially in fruit farms, high yields are achieved. Large number of fruits makes organization of picking and further manipulation very challenging. Transport issue in fruit production was always attendant, but in extensive technologies was solved by engaging larger number of labor. Because of the specific production, transport in this section represents complex and combining problem depending on a large number of factors. From previous reasons the objective of this study was to investigate four different ways of apple fruits manipulation from between row distance. Experiment was done in 6-year-old apple orchard, with planting distance 5 x 3 m, with modified spindle bush training system. Results from this study made possible to define the method that demanded the least labor for the nearest time period. Time consumption of apple transport from orchard was recorded over number of cycles and fruit quality. The pallets-system during apple harvest time represented positive trend in decreasing of time necessary for transport up to three times. This fact refers to the necessity of more often pallet-system transport applying.Intenzivnom voćarskom proizvodnjom naročito u plantažnim zasadima ostvaruju se visoki prinosi po jedinici površine. Velika količina plodova usložnjava organizaciju ubiranja i dalje manipulacije. Problem transporta u voćarskoj proizvodnji oduvek je bio prisutan a kod ekstenzivnih tehnologija se rešava većim angažovanjem radne snage. Transport u ovoj oblasti zbog specifičnosti, predstavlja složen i kompleksan problem a čine ga veći broj faktora. Iz prethodno navedenih razloga predmet istraživanja u ovom radu su bila četiri različita načina iznošenja plodova jabuka iz međureda zasada. Merenja su sprovedena u zasadu jabuke starosti 6 godina, zasađenog na razmaku 5 x 3 m uzgojnog oblika modifikovani vretenasti žbun. Rezultati istraživanja su omogućili definisanje postupka koji angažuje najmanje ljudskog rada i ostvaruje se za najkraći vremenski period. Vreme utrošeno na proces izvoženja plodova iz voćnjaka je praćeno preko broja ciklusa i kvaliteta plodova. Primena sistema paletizacije u procesu berbe jabuka, pokazuje pozitivan trend u smanjenju vremena transporta po jedinici prinosa i do tri puta. Ta činjenica upućuje na neophodnost veće primene paletnog sistema transporta

Uslovi mehanizovane berbe maline i kupine

Mechanized processes of raspberry and blackberry harvesting evolved to a great part from the fact that the share of manual harvesting accounts for about 70% of the total production costs. The rising trends of raspberry and blackberry production in some European countries (primarily Poland and Hungary), i.e. EU member countries, has greatly increased competitiveness on the domestic market. In our country raspberry and blackberry were produced on smaller farms using manual harvesting. In the EU member countries the enhanced development of raspberry and blackberry production is characterized by large raspberry and blackberry fields with mechanized labor processes including harvesting. This type of production has decreased production costs and exploitation of orchards including the price of raspberry and blackberry on the world market. The aim of the study was to define exploitation and technical parameters effecting the possibility of mechanized harvesting achieving high profitability and ensuring high quality of the fruits harvested. In addition the experience of mechanized harvesting of raspberry under the conditions of our country is described. Tractor aggregates or self propelled machines are considered acceptable from the standpoint of our knowledge and experience in the harvesting of small fruits depending however on the growing system and size of the orchard. Taking into consideration the high price of the machines and the sensitivity of small fruits the improvement of the machine can be achieved by adding the parts required thus contributing to a rational and profitable use.Činjenica da ručna berba maline i kupine učestvuje i do 70 % ukupnih troškova proizvodnje, upućuje na nužnost mehanizovanja procesa berbe. Tendencija povećanja proizvodnje maline i kupine u nekim državama Evrope (pre svih Poljska i Mađarska) kao članica Evropske Unije, pooštrava konkurenciju domaćoj proizvodnji koja se do sada skoro isključivo ostvarivala na manjim posedima sa ručnom berbom. Ubrzan razvoj proizvodnje malina i kupina u navedenim državama karakteriše veliki plantažni zasadi sa primenom mehanizacije za obavljanje svih radnih operacija kao i procesa berbe. Takav način proizvodnje utiče na smanjenje troškova uzgoja i eksploatacije zasada a time i cene maline i kupine na svetskom tržištu. U radu su definisani eksploatacioni i tehnički parametri koji utiču na mogućnosti mehanizovanja berbe uz ostvarivanje visoke produktivnosti i obezbeđenje potrebnog kvaliteta ubranih plodova. Izneta su neka iskustva u mehanizovanoj berbi plantažnih zasada maline u našim uslovima. Iskustva i saznanja u primeni mašina za berbu jagodastog voća pokazuju da tehnička rešenja, zavisno od sistema uzgoja i veličine zasada, mogu biti koncipirana kao traktorski agregat ili samohodne mašine. Osnovna konstrukcije trba da omogući jednostavnu adaptaciju dodavanjem odgovarajućih uređaja i time postigne njena univerzalnost. Univerzalnost mašina treba da omogućuje racionalnost u nabavci i korišćenju obzirom da su veoma skupe i da berba pojedinih vrsta jagodastog voća traje kratko

Priprema i potencijal ostataka rezidbe u voćnjacima i vinogradima kao energetskog materijala

Huge amounts of plant remains are obtained following pruning, an essential agricultural practice measure during the exploitation of orchards and vineyards. Different pruning modes are employed depending on the size of the orchard and the available machinery. The remains tend to hinder other activities in the orchard but on the other hand they represent an essential energetic source. The energy can be transformed or returned into soil by mulching. Collecting and burning of the remains but also further cutting into small pieces and plowing itself were elimination modes of former technologies. However, these procedures contributed to the loss of a useful and important source of heat energy. Optimal technological and technical solutions should be defined with regard to collecting, loading, transporting and preparing pruning remains in orchards and vineyards with the aim of obtaining energy. This is expected to have a significant influence on the energetic efficiency of fruit growing and is an issue of major concern. In our country collecting, preparing and using pruning remains is not widely used due to the irrational disposal of energy and extensive production. Pruning remains have their advantage as sustainable energy source being at the site of consumption or its vicinity. The simplest and oldest way of using pruning remains as energents in the process of burning and producing heat energy is to burn the unchanged remains. Considering the bulk of it which is characterized by the irrational transport, impeded loading, unloading, storing and use in combustion equipments. Ecological issues and fossil energy deficiency impose the need to focus on the preparation and use of pruning remains as energetic fuel in orchards. The issue has gained in importance following the regulations imposed by the EU whereby renewable energy sources should be used in the production of electrical energy. The aim is to solve the lack of eco energy and contribute to environmental protection.Tokom eksploatacije višegodišnjih zasada pored ostalih kao obavezna agrotehnička mera sprovodi se i rezidba kojom se dobija velika količina biljne mase u obliku ostataka rezidbe. Rezidbe se može obavljati na više načina što je uslovljeno veličinom zasada i raspoloživim tehničkim sredstvima. Nastala masa najpre predstavlja balast koji ometa prolazak zasadom sa druge strane je značajan energetski izvor. Energija iz te masi se može transformisati na više načina uz primenu odgovarajućih postupaka ili da se varati zemljištu postupkom mulčovanja. Kod zastarelih tehnologija upotrebe uglavnom se obavlja sakupljanje i sagorevanje ostataka rezidbe neposredno u zasadu, ili se vrši njihovo sitnjenje a zatim zaoravanje. Ovim postupcima ostaci rezidbe u zasadima su izgubljeni kao energetski vredan i količinski značajan izvor toplotne energije. Definisanje optimalnih tehnologija i tehničkih rešenja prikupljanja, utovara, transporta i neposredne pripreme ostataka rezidbe voćaka i vinove loze za dobijanje energije, presudno utiče na energetsku efikasnost voćarske proizvodnje i predstavlja veoma aktuelni problem. Zbog neracionalnog raspolaganja energijom i ekstenzivnije proizvodnje, u našim uslovima, prikupljanje, obrada, priprema i korišćenje biljnih ostataka nisu našli širu primenu. Ostaci rezidbe kao obnovljivi izvor energije ima i prednost u tome što se najčešće nalaze na mestu potrošnje ili u njihovoj blizini. Najjednostavniji i najstariji način korišćenja ostataka rezidbe kao energenta u procesima sagorevanja i dobijanja toplote je kada se u neizmenjenom obliku obavi proces sagorevanja. Obzirom na kabastu formu koju karakteriše mala zapreminska masa, uslovljava veoma malu racionalnost u transportu kao i otežan utovar, istovar, skladištenje i samu upotrebu u gorionicima. Ekološki problemi i deficit fosilnih goriva nameću potrebu da se u našem okruženju posveti veća pažnja iznalaženju postupaka pripreme i korišćenju ostataka rezidbe u zasadima kao energetskog goriva. Ovaj problem aktualizuju i norme Evropske Unije koje propisuju kao obavezu proizvodnje električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora, kako bi se doprinelo rešavanju problema nedostatka ekološki čiste energije i doprinelo očuvanje životne sredine

Parametri eksploatacionog potencijala ratarskih prskalica

More and more rigorous ecologic EU regulations are placing the users of the equipment for pesticides applying in front of the large challenges. Legislation frame for pesticides and machines applying are changing continually. Because of the legal codes effects, it is necessary that mechanization used in plant protection dose precise, without any losses and with equal dispose in order to achieve the optimum success in plant protection with the minimal amount of pesticide and simultaneously protect the environment. Based on two-year experiment with sprinklers in crop production, it was established that its exploitation potential was disturb in most of the cases. Such condition can not ensure high-grade and rational chemical protection that has a consequence in lower yields and environment pollution. For those reasons, implementation of obligatory control for each machine before selling and during exploitation in certain intervals is suggested.Sve rigorozniji ekološki propisi EU postavljaju korisnike tehnike za primenu pesticida pred velike izazove. Okvirni pravni uslovi za upotrebu biljnih zaštitnih sredstava i mašina menjaju se kontinualno. Zbog dejstva zakonskih odredbi potrebno je da mašine za primenu pesticida egzaktno doziraju, aplikuju bez gubitaka i zaštitna sredstva ravnomerno raspodeljuju, kako bi se sa minimalnom dozom postigao optimalan uspeh u zaštiti bilja a istovremeno sačuvala životna sredina. Na osnovu dvogodišnjeg proveravanja ratarskih prskalica kod nas, ustanovljeno je da je u većini slučajeva narušen eksploatacioni potencijal prskalica. Takvo stanje mašine ne može da obezbedi kvalitetnu i racionalnu hemijsku zaštitu što za posledicu ima umanjenje prinosa i zagađenje životne okoline. Iz tih razloga se i kod nas predlaže uvođenje obavezne kontrole svake mašine pre puštanja u promet, kao i tokom eksploatacije u određenim vremenskim periodima