COVID-19 : Pourquoi les prisons posent-elles un risque spécifique, et quelles sont les mesures à prendre pour l’atténuer ?

This brief provides key considerations related to COVID-19 in the context of prisons, jails and similar detention facilities (referred to collectively in this brief as “prisons”). It summarises the particular risks associated with an outbreak of COVID-19 in prisons in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and highlights approaches that may be used to mitigate those risks. Many of these same risks and approaches are equally applicable to other facilities, such as migration detention centres, but specific consideration of those facilities is beyond the scope of this brief. This brief was developed for the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) by Anthrologica (Leslie Jones). It aims to provide practical considerations for governments and response partners working on the COVID-19 response in the context of LMICs. The brief was reviewed by colleagues at Amend, University of California, San Francisco; Penal Reform International; and the UK Department for International Development. It is the responsibility of the SSHAP.Please note: there is an accompanying infographic summarising the key points from the briefing.Cette note stratégique énonce des considérations clés inhérentes à la COVID-19 dans le contexte des prisons, maisons d’arrêt et autres centres de détention (conjointement appelés « prisons » dans cette note stratégique). Elle résume les risques spécifiques associés à une flambée épidémique de COVID-19 au sein de prisons dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen (PRFM) et met en évidence les approches susceptibles d’être utilisées afin d’atténuer ces risques. Bon nombre de ces risques et approches sont également applicables à d’autres établissements, tels que les centres de détention des migrants, mais un examen spécifique de ces établissements dépasse la portée de la présente note stratégique.Wellcome TrustDFI

دل ة ناشئة بشأن الحماي ة الوقائية للفئات المستضعف ة أثناء جائحة كورون ا

Shielding is a term used to describe the protection of individuals at high risk of severe COVID-19 illness by separating them from the general population. An initial analysis of key considerations regarding shielding was set forth in the previous Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) publication on shielding; this new analysis should be read in conjunction with that brief, which defines terms and outlines general principles essential to understanding the concept, including: what shielding means, why we shield and who should shield, how high-risk individuals might shield and key infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, implementation process, the challenges inherent to shielding and how they could be mitigated. These general principles are not repeated here. Instead, this brief focuses on emerging evidence relevant to shielding, including research regarding social acceptability and implementation of shielding. The evidence is primarily drawn from low- and middle-income countries. As more evidence is made available, we will produce further updates. Contact SSHAP to provide feedback, new evidence, and to engage. The brief was developed for SSHAP by IDS (led by Megan Schmidt-Sane) with Anthrologica (Leslie Jones and Olivia Tulloch). The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.Le terme «blindage» est utilisé pour décrire la protection des individus à risque élevé de présenter des symptômes graves de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) en les séparant de la population générale. Une analyse initiale des considérations clés concernant le blindagea été présentée dans la précédente publication de la Plateforme Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP) relative au blindage; cette nouvelle analyse doit être lue conjointement avec cette note stratégique, qui définit les termes et expose les principes généraux essentiels à la compréhension du concept, y compris: la signification du blindage, la raison pour laquelle nous nous isolons et les personnes qui devraient s'isoler, la manière dont les individus à risqué élevé sont susceptibles de s'isoler ainsi que les principales mesures de prévention et de contrôle des infections (PCI), le processus de mise en œuvre, les défis inhérents au blindage et la manière dont ils sont susceptibles d'être atténués. Ces principes généraux ne sont pas répétés ici. Cette note stratégique est plutôt concentrée sur les nouvelles données probantes inhérentes au blindage, y compris des recherches concernant l’acceptabilité sociale et la mise en œuvre du blindage. Les données proviennent principalement de pays à revenu faible et intermediaire.El término 'resguardo' se utiliza para describir una de las formas de protección de personas con un mayor riesgo de contraer una forma grave de la enfermedad causada por COVID-19, separándolos de la población general. En la publicación anterior de la plataforma Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP) sobre el resguardo, se presentó un análisis inicial de las consideraciones clave sobre el resguardo.1 Este nuevo análisis debe leerse junto con ese resumen, que define los términos y detalla los principios generales esenciales para comprender el concepto. Incluye qué significa el resguardo, quienes deberían resguardarse y por qué, y cómo las personas de alto riesgo pueden resguardarse. También abarca las medidas de prevención y control de infecciones (PCI), el proceso de implementación, las dificultades inherentes al resguardo y cómo podrían mitigarse. Estos principios generales no se repiten aquí. Mas bien, este resumen, se enfoca en la nueva evidencia respecto al resguardo, incluidas las investigaciones sobre su aceptabilidad social y su implementación. La evidencia utilizada en este resumen surge principalmente de los países de ingresos medianos y bajos (PIMB). Publicaremos más actualizaciones a medida que haya más evidencia disponible. Comuníquese con SSHAP para proporcionar comentarios, evidencia nueva y para involucrarse. El resumen fue desarrollado para SSHAP por IDS (a cargo de Megan Schmidt-Sane) con Anthrologica (Leslie Jones y Olivia Tulloch). El informe es responsabilidad de SSHAP.: الحماية الوقائية مصطلح يُستخدم لوصف حماية الأفراد المعرضين لمخاطر عالية للإصابة بمرض فيروس كورونا الوخيم عن طريق فصلهم عن عامة السكان. وقد ورد تحليل أولي للاعتبارات الرئيسية المتعلقة بالحماية الوقائية في منشور منصة العلوم الاجتماعية في العمل الإنساني عن الحماية الوقائية؛ 1 وينبغي قراءة هذا التحليل الجديد بالاقتران مع ذلك الموجز، الذي يحدد المصطلحات ويوجز المبادئ العامة اللازمة لاستيعاب المفهوم، بما في ذلك: ما المقصود بالحماي ة الوقائية، ولماذا نحمي، ومن ينبغي لنا حمايته، وكيف يمكن للأفراد المعرضين لمخاطر عالية حماية أنفسهم، والتدابير الرئيسية للوقاية من العدوى ومكافحتها، وعملية التنفيذ، والتحديات المتأصلة في توفير الحماية، وكيف يمكن التخفيف من حدتها. ولن يعاد ذكر هذه المبادئ هنا. فبدلاً من ذلك، يركز هذا الموجز على الأدلة الناشئة ذات الصلة بالحماية، بما في ذلك البحوث المتعلقة بالمقبولية الاجتماعية للحماية وتنفيذها. وهذه الأدلة مستمدة في المقام الأول من البلدان ذات الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط. مع توفر المزيد م ن الأدلة، سنصدر تحديثات أخرى. اتصل بمنصة العلوم الاجتماعية في العمل الإنساني لطرح الملاحظات والأدل ة الجديدة والمشاركة. قام على إعداد هذا الموجز لصالح منصة العلوم الاجتماعية في العمل الإنساني كل من معهد دراسات التنمية (بقيادة ميغان شميت- ساني) بالاشتراك مع منظمة أنثرولوجيكا البحثية (ليزلي جونز وأوليفيا تولوك). والجهة المسؤولة عن هذا الموجز هي منصة العلوم الاجتماعية في العمل الإنساني.Please note: there is an accompanying infographic summarising the key points from the briefing.FCDOWellcome Trus

From transmission to transition : a multi-method analysis of the HIV treatment and care continuum in the Thai paediatric antiretroviral programme

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Roundtable Report: Health and Food Insecurity Crisis in the Greater Horn of Africa. Session 1 - Regional Focus. September 2022

SSHAP convened and hosted a virtual roundtable discussion with partners engaged at the regional level response of the health and food insecurity crisis in the Greater Horn of Africa region. The objective was to discuss the critical needs for the response to the Horn of Africa crisis. The priorities under consideration were organised under the themes of health, community engagement and data management. Broader matters of strengthening coordination of the response were also discussed. This report offers a summary of the main discussion points and a list of resources shared during the discussion, it was compiled by Tabitha Hrynick (IDS) and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica). The views expressed here are a summary of those presented and do not necessarily represent a consensus of the individual participant agencies. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP. There will be future roundtables focused either at the national level for affected countries or thematically focused.Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO)Wellcome Trus

What can volunteer co-providers contribute to health systems? The role of people living with HIV in the Thai paediatric HIV programme

In Thailand people living with HIV (PLHIV) have played a major role in shaping policy and practice. They have acted as volunteer co-providers, although their potential in terms of paediatric service provision has seldom been explored from a health systems perspective. We describe the Thai paediatric HIV care system and use both demand- and supply-side perspectives to explore the impact, opportunities and challenges of PLHIV acting as volunteer co-providers. We employed qualitative methods to assess experiences and perceptions and triangulate stakeholder perspectives. Data were collected in Khon Kaen province, in the poorest Northeastern region of Thailand: three focus group discussions and two workshops (total participants n = 31) with co-providers and hospital staff; interviews with ART service-users (n = 35). Nationally, key informant interviews were conducted with policy actors (n = 20). Volunteer co-providers were found to be ideally placed to broker the link between clinic and communities for HIV infected children and played an important part in the vital psychosocial support component of HIV care. As co-providers they were recognized as having multiple roles linking and delivering services in clinics and communities. Clear emerging needs include strengthened coordination and training as well as strategies to support funding. Using motivated volunteers with a shared HIV status as co-providers for specific clinical services can contribute to strengthening health systems in Asia; they are critical players in delivering care (supply side) and being responsive to service-users needs (demand side). Co-providers blur the boundaries between these two spheres. Sustaining and optimising co-providers' contribution to health systems strengthening requires a health systems approach. Our findings help to guide policy makers and service providers on how to balance clinical priorities with psycho-social responsiveness and on how best to integrate the views and experience of volunteers into a holistic model of care

Compilation de données en matière de science sociale et comportementale (#5), flambée épidémique du virus Ébola, Est de la RDC, septembre-novembre 2019

This rapid compilation of data analyses provides a ‘stock-take’ of social science and behavioural data related to the on-going outbreak of Ebola in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri provinces. Based on data gathered and analysed by organisations working in the Ebola response and in the region more broadly, it explores convergences and divergences between datasets and, when possible, differences by geographic area, demographic group, time period and other relevant variables. Data sources are listed at the end of the document. This is the fifth data synthesis brief produced by the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) and focuses on data published between September and November 2019. It builds on the previous four data synthesis briefs, (#1: August to October 2018; #2: November 2018 to January 2019; #3: February to May 2019; #4: June to August 2019). This brief was prepared by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Theresa Jones and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), with support from SSHAP and GOARN-R Social Science Group. Feedback was also provided by colleagues from UNICEF, WHO, IFRC, the US CDC, Translators without Borders (TWB), Novetta, World Vision/Catholic University of Bukavu and Search for Common Ground. Key performance indicators on response activities are collected by the Ministry of Health and WHO.Cette brève compilation d’analyses de données fournit un « état des lieux » des données en matière de science sociale et comportementale liées à la flambée épidémique actuelle du virus Ébola dans les provinces du Nord-Kivu, du Sud-Kivu et de l’Ituri. Sur la base des données collectées et analysées par des organisations œuvrant à la riposte au virus Ébola et, de manière plus générale, au sein de la région, elle examine les convergences et les divergences entre les jeux de données. Dans la mesure du possible, cette note prend également en compte les différences par zone géographique, groupe démographique, période de temps et autres variables pertinentes. Les sources de données sont indiquées à la fin du document. Il s’agit de la cinquième compilation d’analyses de données élaborée par la Plateforme Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP) et elle est axée sur des données générées entre septembre et novembre 2019. Elle est fondée sur les quatre notes stratégiques de compilation de données précédentes, (#1 : août à octobre 2018 ; #2 : novembre 2018 à janvier 2019 ; #3 : février à mai 2019 ; #4 : juin à août 2019).UNICE

Challenges That Hinder Parturients to Deliver in Health Facilities: a Qualitative Analysis in Two Districts of Indonesia

Background: There are many challenges women face to be able to give birth in health facilities in many parts of Indonesia. This study explores the roles and observations of close-to-community maternal health providers and other community members on potential barriers faced by women to deliver in health facilities in two districts within The Archipelago. Methods: Employing an explorative qualitative approach, 110 semi-structured interviews and 7 focus group discussions were conducted in 8 villages in Southwest Sumba, in the East Nusa Tenggara province, and in 8 villages in Cianjur, in the West Java province. The participants included village midwives, Posyandu volunteer (village health volunteers), traditional birth attendants (TBAs), mothers, men, village heads and district health officials. Results: The main findings were mostly similar in the two study areas. However, there were some key differences. Preference for TBA care, traditional beliefs, a lack of responsiveness of health providers to local traditions, distance, cost of travel and indirect costs of accompanying family members were all barriers to patients attending health facilities for the birth of their child. TBAs were the preferred health providers in most cases due to their close proximity at the time of childbirth and their adherence to traditional practices during pregnancy and delivery. Conclusions: Improving collaborations between midwives and TBAs, collaboration, and responsiveness to traditional practices within health facilities and effective health promotion campaigns about the benefits of giving birth in health facilities may increase the use of health facilities in both study areas.&nbsp

A new tool to measure approaches to supervision from the perspective of community health workers: a prospective, longitudinal, validation study in seven countries

Background: The global scale-up of community health workers (CHWs) depends on supportive management and supervision of this expanding cadre. Existing tools fail to incorporate the perspective of the CHW (i.e. perceived supervision) in terms of supportive experiences with their supervisor. Aligned to the WHO’s strategy on human resources for health, we developed and validated a simple tool to measure perceived supervision across seven low and middle-income countries. Methods: Phase 1 was carried out with 327 CHWs in Sierra Leone. Twelve questions, informed by the extant literature on health worker supervision, were reduced to six questions using confirmatory factor analysis. Phase 2 employed structural equation modelling with 741 CHWs in six countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique), to assess the factorial validity, predictive validity, and internal reliability of the questions at three time-points, over 8-months. Results: We developed a robust, 6-item measure of perceived supervision (PSS), capturing regular contact, two-way communication, and joint problem-solving elements as being critical from the perspective of CHWs. When assessed across the six countries, over time, the PSS was also found to have good validity and internal reliability. PSS scores at baseline positively and significantly predicted a range of performance-related outcomes at follow-up. Conclusion: The PSS is the first validated tool that measures supervisory experience from the perspective of CHWs and is applicable across multiple, culturally-distinct global health contexts with a wide range of CHW typologies. Simple, quick to administer, and freely available in 11 languages, the PSS could assist practitioners in the management of community health programmes

Stratégies en matière de crec pour surmonter la lassitude causée par la COVID-19 en Méditerranée orientale, au moyen orient et en Afrique du Nord

In situations of long term or protracted emergencies, populations can suffer from fatigue or complacency about the measures designed to protect them. This brief focuses on social and cultural influences for sustained COVID-19 prevention and risk reduction behaviours in the Eastern Mediterranean / Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. COVID-19 has shifted from an acute to a chronic crisis, and strategies to encourage the public to continue with protective behaviours are essential. The brief can be read in conjunction with previous briefs by the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) on prevention measures in the context of COVID-19. A second brief relating specifically to vaccination behaviours in the region is forthcoming. The brief synthesises evidence published by UNICEF in a comprehensive review of the scientific and grey literature and the media. It is intended to inform the development of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies and regional guidance and tools as the COVID-19 crisis evolves; operational considerations based on the findings are set out at the end of this synthesis. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica on request of UNICEF MENA Regional Office with contributions from the regional RCCE Interagency Working Group and UNICEF country offices.قد يعاني السكان من الاجهاد أو التهاون تجاه التدابير المصممة لحمايتهم في حالات الطوارئ الممتدة وطويلة الأجل. ويركز هذا الموجز على التأثيرات الاجتماعية والثقافية للوقاية المستمرة من كوفيد-19 والسلوكيات التي من شأنها الحد من المخاطر في منطقة شرق البحر المتوسط والشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا. فقد تحولت جائحة كوفيد-19 من أزمة حادة إلى أزمة مزمنة وتعتبر الإستراتيجيات الداعية إلى إستمرار السلوكيات الوقائية بين أوساط الجمهور هامة للغاية. ويمكن قراءة هذا الموجز بالتزامن مع أبحاث أخرى قامت بها منصة "العلوم الاجتماعية في مجال العمل الإنساني" حول تدابير الوقاية في سياق كوفيد-19 .وسيتبع هذا الموجز موجزاً آخر يتعلق بشكل خاص بسلوكيات التطعيم في المنطقة. ويلخص هذا الموجز أدلة نشرتها منظمة اليونيسيف ضمن مراجعة شاملة للمنشورات العلمية والمنشورات غير الرسمية ووسائل الإعلام. ويهدف الموجز إلى تسليط الضوء على التطور الحاصل في إستراتيجيات التواصل بشأن المخاطر والمشاركة المجتمعية (RCCE) بالإضافة إلى التوجيهات والأدوات الإقليمية المستخدمة خلال تطور أزمة كوفيد-19. لقد تم تحديد الاعتبارات التشغيلية التي تستند إلى النتائج في نهاية هذا البحث. وقد تم تأليف هذا البحث لصالح "منصة العلوم الاجتماعية في مجال العمل الإنساني" من قبل "أنثرولوجيكا" بناء على طلب المكتب الإقليمي للشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا لليونيسيف بمساهمات من مجموعة العمل المشتركة بين المكتب الإقليمي ل "التواصل بشأن المخاطر والمشاركة المجتمعية" (RCCE) والمكاتب القطرية لليونيسيف. كما أن "منصة العلوم الاجتماعية في مجال العمل الإنساني"(SSHAP) تعتبر الجهة المسؤولة عن هذه الدراسة.Dans les situations d’urgence à long terme ou prolongées, les populations peuvent éprouver de la lassitude ou de la complaisance à l’égard des mesures conçues pour les protéger. La présente note stratégique est axée sur les influences sociales et culturelles inhérentes aux comportements prolongés en matière de prévention et de réduction des risques liés à la COVID-19 dans la région de la Méditerranée orientale, du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique du Nord (MENA). La COVID-19 est passée d’une crise aiguë à une crise chronique, et les stratégies visant à encourager le public à continuer de suivre des comportements de protection sont essentielles. La note stratégique peut être lue conjointement avec les précédentes notes stratégiques élaborées par la Plateforme Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP) concernant les mesures de prévention dans le contexte de la COVID-19. Une deuxième note stratégique portant spécifiquement sur les comportements en matière de vaccination au sein de la région est à paraître. La note stratégique synthétise les données publiées par l'UNICEF dans un examen approfondi des publications scientifiques, de la littérature grise et des médias. Elle vise à éclairer l’élaboration de stratégies en matière de communication des risques et d’engagement communautaire (CREC) ainsi que d'orientations et d'outils régionaux à mesure que la crise de la COVID-19 évolue ; des considérations opérationnelles basées sur les conclusions sont énoncées à la fin de la présente synthèse. Elle a été élaborée pour la SSHAP par Anthrologica à la demande du Bureau régional MENA de l'UNICEF avec des contributions du Comité permanent interorganisations sur la CREC et des bureaux nationaux de l'UNICEF. La responsabilité inhérente à cette note stratégique revient à la SSHAP.Wellcome TrustFCD