Potential Role of Intensive Bird Growing during Outbreaks of Viral Zoonosis in Ukraine, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Belarus (on the Model Viruses Highly Pathogenic Influenza and Newcastle Diseases): Systematic Review

The paper highlights the impact of two cross-border poultry infections with zoonotic potential (avian flu and Newcastle disease) on the functioning of industrial poultry farms in the former Soviet Union counties (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan), where the poultry industry is fairly well-developed. Despite the permanent vaccination of poultry against Newcastle disease in industrial poultry farming, the disease still affects individual farms in Ukraine, the Russian Federation, and Kazakhstan. In case of outbreaks, the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan use inactivated influenza vaccines. In Ukraine, for almost 20 years, outbreaks of influenza have been confirmed mainly on individual farms, and one outbreak of highly pathogenic influenza was reported on an industrial poultry farm in 2020. In the Russian Federation, highly pathogenic influenza occurs on industrial poultry farms more often. In Russia, seven industrial poultry enterprises were affected by influenza in 2016-2017, and eight in 2018. Infection of poultry with influenza virus on poultry factory farms is an indication of shortcomings in compliance with biosecurity measures. Influenza and Newcastle disease are always likely to occur in the countries in question, as wild birds migrate through their territory, and they are a reservoir of pathogens, therefore outbreaks are often associated with spring and autumn migrations of wild birds. In all of said countries, a large number of poultry is kept by individual households, where basic biosecurity, sanitation and preventive vaccination measures are not applied. This component is often crucial in bringing viral infections such as influenza and Newcastle disease on large poultry farms. As a result, the virus is brought onto poultry farms by synanthropic birds, humans, transport, feed, etc

Розробка способу захисту бетонних підлог тваринницьких будівель від корозії за рахунок використання сухих дезінфікуючих засобів

Concrete floors are most commonly used in animal housing. However, the specific environment of livestock buildings (moisture, urine, disinfectants) has a negative effect on concrete and leads to its corrosion. The influence of chemical and physical factors on concrete is reinforced by the development of microorganisms, which quickly adapt and use concrete as a living environment. To reduce the influence of an aggressive environment on the concrete floor, an experimental mixture of dry disinfectants was proposed. The components of the disinfection mixture have been selected taking into account the safety for animals and humans. The TPD-MS method was used to determine the change in the chemical composition of concrete. To study the microstructure of concrete, the method of scanning electron microscopy was used. Microbiological studies revealed bacteria A. Thiooxidans, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, S. Сholeraesuis, C. Perfringen and micromycetes of the genus Cladosporium, Fusariums, Aspergillus, which contribute to the development of biological corrosion of concrete in livestock buildings. The fact of the negative impact of concentrated disinfectants on the structure of concrete was also established. As a result of the studies carried out, it was proved that a mixture of dry components for disinfection exhibits antimicrobial properties to varying degrees to the strains of field isolates of bacteria and fungi isolated in a pig-breeding farm. It was found that when using the proposed mixture of dry disinfectants in the research room of the pigsty, the relative humidity decreases by 38.5 %; ammonia content – by 46.2 %; hydrogen sulfide – by 57.8 %; microbial bodies – by 74.7 %, compared with the control room. It has been experimentally proven that the proposed mixture of dry disinfecting components has hygroscopic and antimicrobial properties and is promising for use in livestock farms.Бетонные полы чаще всего используются в помещениях для содержания животных. Однако специфическая среда животноводческих помещений (влага, моча, дезинфицирующие средства) оказывает негативное влияние на бетон и приводит к его коррозии. Влияние химических и физических факторов на бетон подкрепляется развитием микроорганизмов, которые быстро адаптируются и используют бетон, как среда для существования. Для уменьшения влияния агрессивной среды на бетонный пол была предложена экспериментальная смесь сухих дезинфицирующих веществ Компоненты смеси для дезинфекции были подобраны с учетом безопасности для животных и людей. Методом TPD-MS определяли изменение химического состава бетона. Для исследования микроструктуры бетона применяли метод растровой электронной микроскопии. Микробиологическими исследованиями обнаружены бактерии A. Thiooxidans, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, S. Сholeraesuis, C. Perfringen и микромицет рода Cladosporium, Fusariums, Aspergillus, которые способствуют развитию биологической коррозии бетона в животноводческих помещениях. Также установлен факт негативного воздействия концентрированных дезинфицирующих средств на структуру бетона. В результате проведенных исследований доказано, что смесь сухих компонентов для дезинфекции проявляет противомикробные свойства в разной степени к выделенным в свиноводческом хозяйстве штаммов полевых изолятов бактерий и грибов. Установлено, что при применении предложенной смеси сухих дезинфицирующих компонентов в исследовательском помещении свинарника уменьшается относительная влажность на 38,5 %; содержание аммиака – на 46,2 %; сероводорода – на 57,8 %; микробных тел – на 74,7 %, по сравнению с контрольным помещением. Экспериментально доказано, что предложенная смесь сухих дезинфицирующих компонентов имеет гигроскопические и противомикробные свойства и является перспективным для использования в условиях животноводческих фермБетонні підлоги найчастіше використовуються у приміщеннях для утримання тварин. Однак специфічне середовище тваринницьких приміщень (волога, сеча, дезінфікуючі засоби) має негативний вплив на бетон та призводить до його корозії. Вплив хімічних та фізичних факторів на бетон підкріплюється розвитком мікроорганізмів, які швидко адаптуються та використовують бетон, як середовище для існування.  Для зменшення впливу агресивного середовища на бетонну підлогу була запропонована експериментальна суміш сухих дезінфікуючих речовин підібраних з урахуванням синергетичної дії. Компоненти суміші для дезінфекції відносяться до малотоксичних речовин і можуть використовуватись в присутності тварин і людей. Методом TPD-MS визначали зміну хімічного складу бетону. Для дослідження мікроструктури бетону застосовували метод растрової електронної мікроскопії. Мікробіологічними дослідженнями виявлені бактерії A. Thiooxidans, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, S. Сholeraesuis, C. Perfringen та мікроміцети роду Cladosporium, Fusariums, Aspergillus, які сприяють розвитку біологічній корозії бетону у тваринницьких приміщеннях. Також встановлений факт негативного впливу концентрованих дезінфікуючих засобів на структуру бетону. В результаті проведених досліджень доведено, що суміш сухих компонентів для дезінфекції проявляє протимікробні властивості в різному ступені до виділених у свинарському господарстві штамів польових ізолятів бактерій та грибів. Встановлено, що при застосуванні запропонованої суміші сухих дезінфікуючих компонентів у дослідному приміщенні свинарника зменшується відносна вологість на 38,5 %; вміст амоніаку – на 46,2 %; сірководню – на 57,8 %; мікробних тіл – на 74,7 %, порівняно до контрольного приміщення. Експериментально доведено, що запропонована суміш сухих дезінфікуючих речовин має гігроскопічні та протимікробні властивості і є перспективним для використання в умовах тваринницьких фер

Genotyping of pathogenic leptospira by Multiple Locus Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA)

ObjectiveTo introduce the method of molecular genotyping (MLVA) to determine the genotype of field isolates of leptospira.IntroductionLeptospirosis (ictherohemoglobinuria, Leptospirosis biliousness) is a natural focal and zoonotic infectious disease dangerous for humans and farm animals. It is important to identify specific leptospira strains isolated from rodents or sick and suspicious animals by the serotype or genotype. In comparison with serotyping using micro agglutination test (MAT), molecular genotyping makes it possible to accurately identify a specific pathogen strain. The genetic classification now becomes more significant than the phenotypic classification.MethodsSpecific oligonucleotide primers, which flank fragments of the genome locus of pathogenic leptospira varies in terms of the number of tandem repeats VNTR-4, -7, -10 specific for L.interrogans, L.kirschneri, and L.borgpetersenii were used. The amplification products were detected using agar gel electrophoresis with the following identification of the fragment length with a molecular weight marker and comparison with the collection of VNTR profiles of the strains described in the literature.ResultsIt was established that the method of leptospira molecular genotyping by determining the number of variable tandem repeats of a locus (VNTR-variable number tandem repeats analysis) is suitable for molecular epizootology studies in Ukraine. The advantages of the method are the simplicity of performance and availability for diagnostic and research laboratories in Ukraine compared to other pathogen genome sequencing based genotyping methods, in particular Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) or Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST), which require complex equipment and operating conditions. The reference strain of Leptospira M20 serotype Copengageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from the NAAS IVM collection of was studied and its VNTR profile was identified with the genotype of the strain Fiocruz L1-130 that is described in the literature as a serotype of Copengageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. The genotype of the leptospira field isolate obtained from a rat in Lviv Oblast of Ukraine was specified and its identity was established in the aforementioned genotype. The obtained data support the prospects of using MLVA genotyping method to study the distribution of different genotypes of leptospira. The research will continue to study the specificities of molecular epizootology of leptospirosis in Ukraine.ConclusionsThe method of leptospira molecular genotyping by multilocus analysis of the number of variable tandem repeats has been tested in the Leptospirosis Research Laboratory in collaboration with the Museum of Microorganisms at the National Academy of Sciences, the Ukraine Institute of Veterinary Medicine, the ELISA and PCR Research Laboratory, and the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. The genotype of the reference strain has been correlated with its serological profile; identification of the genotype of the field isolate pathogenic leptospira has been completed. The tested method is planned to be implemented in surveillance and control over leptospirosis spreading in Ukraine, and aimed to help in development and improvement of leptospirosis vaccine formulations. Additionally, method of Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis will be used for molecular epidemiology research in Ukraine.ReferencesSalaün L, Mérien F, Gurianova S, Baranton G, Picardeau M. Application of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular typing of the agent of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(11):3954-3962. doi:10.1128/JCM.00336-06.Caimi K, Repetto SA, Varni V, Ruybal P. Infection , Genetics and Evolution Leptospira species molecular epidemiology in the genomic era. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;54(July):478-485. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.013.Ayral F, Zilber AL, Bicout DJ, Kodjo A, Artois M, Djelouadji Z. Distribution of leptospira interrogans by multispacer sequence typing in urban Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus): A survey in France in 2011-2013. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139604

Development of A Method of Protection of Concrete Floors of Animal Buildings From Corrosion at the Expense of Using Dry Disinfectants

Concrete floors are most commonly used in animal housing. However, the specific environment of livestock buildings (moisture, urine, disinfectants) has a negative effect on concrete and leads to its corrosion. The influence of chemical and physical factors on concrete is reinforced by the development of microorganisms, which quickly adapt and use concrete as a living environment. To reduce the influence of an aggressive environment on the concrete floor, an experimental mixture of dry disinfectants was proposed. The components of the disinfection mixture have been selected taking into account the safety for animals and humans. The TPD-MS method was used to determine the change in the chemical composition of concrete. To study the microstructure of concrete, the method of scanning electron microscopy was used. Microbiological studies revealed bacteria A. Thiooxidans, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, S. Сholeraesuis, C. Perfringen and micromycetes of the genus Cladosporium, Fusariums, Aspergillus, which contribute to the development of biological corrosion of concrete in livestock buildings. The fact of the negative impact of concentrated disinfectants on the structure of concrete was also established. As a result of the studies carried out, it was proved that a mixture of dry components for disinfection exhibits antimicrobial properties to varying degrees to the strains of field isolates of bacteria and fungi isolated in a pig-breeding farm. It was found that when using the proposed mixture of dry disinfectants in the research room of the pigsty, the relative humidity decreases by 38.5 %; ammonia content – by 46.2 %; hydrogen sulfide – by 57.8 %; microbial bodies – by 74.7 %, compared with the control room. It has been experimentally proven that the proposed mixture of dry disinfecting components has hygroscopic and antimicrobial properties and is promising for use in livestock farms