Las Olas Democráticas en América Latina

La calidad de la democracia en América Latina puede ser analizada a partir de tres olas democráticas, comprendidas por distintos periodos históricos y regímenes políticos dentro del contexto internacional

Orgullo y Promesa Republicana

El documento, es una presentación de un partido político de Perú, el cual se retoma como ejemplo sobre la identidad, ideología, identificación partidista y la militancia, con el objetivo de ejemplificar la vida de los partidos políticos en Perú

La democracia como concepto y la democracia como ideología.

La democracia como concepto operacional, existen distintas olas democráticas en América Latina, que se pueden observar y analizar a partir de su transición hacia una democracia con ideología

Hinge parties in Mexico and the Use of Social Networks and Media Technologies: A comparison between Partido Verde Ecologista, Partido Nueva Alianza and Partido Movimiento Ciudadano

In this file, a comparison is made between two political parties in Mexico, and they are classified among hinges and satellites, an analysis is made on the level of electoral competitiveness within the democratic regime and the three major political parties

Hinge parties in Mexico and the Use of Social Networks and Media Technologies: A comparison between Partido Verde Ecologista, Partido Nueva Alianza and Partido Movimiento Ciudadano

Since the beginning of the new century in México, the traditional party system was affected by a new model of actors: the hinge parties. They are small political parties: Partido Verde Ecologista, Partido Nueva Alianza and Partido Movimiento Ciudadano, which have allied to traditional parties in electoral periods, even though they do not necessarily share ideological affinities. This strategy results have evolved positively for some of them, which have managed to overcome the electoral barrier and, consequently, maintain their official recognition as parties; some others had won federal, regional or local elections as a coalition. These hinge parties present an interesting paradox. They use intensively new media and social networks, and don´t have the traditional organizational model based on territories, instead they have virtual interaction and developed online tools in their internal and external communications. Nevertheless, they have a segmented, clientele and corporate type of electorate. They are also part of the political system, so they don´t present themselves as an alternative to the traditional parties. This paper aims to compare between these three parties; and how, when and who (inside) use these tools, how do their organization structures are affected by these? and how did the media and social networks influence on the electoral campaigns?Desde el comienzo del nuevo siglo en México, el sistema de partidos tradicional se vio afectado por una nuevo modelo de actores: las partes de bunion. Son pequeños partidos políticos: Partido Verde Ecologista, Partido Nueva Alianza y Partido Movimiento Ciudadano, que se han aliado a los partidos tradicionales en períodos electorales, a pesar de que no necesariamente comparten afinidades ideológicas. Esta estrategia los resultados han evolucionado positivamente para algunos de ellos, que han logrado superar el barrera y, en consecuencia, mantener su reconocimiento oficial como partes; algunos otros habrían ganado elecciones federales, regionales o locales como una coalición

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030