4,830 research outputs found
Systemic design of a productive chain: Reusing coffee waste as an input to agricultural production
The Effects of Social Security on the Distribution of Wealth in Italy
The degree of substitutability between social security wealth and private wealth is a much-debated topic; however, less time and energy has been devoted to the study of the distributive properties of a measure of wealth summing future pension benefits net of contributions to the other traditional components of householdsâ net worth (financial and real activities, net of liabilities). The present paper has two essential aims: by using six cross-sections of the Bank of Italyâs Survey of Income and Wealth (1991, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2000 and 2002), it firstly aims to estimate an âaugmentedâ measure of net worth incorporating social security wealth, and secondly it examines the composition and distribution of such augmented wealth among Italian households during the period 1991-2002. The result is that augmented wealth is found to have remained constant in real term over the last decade due to two opposing forces, namely an increase in net worth and a parallel, stronger decline in social security wealth, resulting from the two main pension reforms implemented in 1992 and 1995. Wealth inequality, after rising steeply at the beginning of the 1990s, levelled off during the second part of the period in question. The major contribution towards this upwards movement came from social security wealth, the distribution of which, although less unequal than that of real wealth and financial wealth, widened at a much faster pace at the beginning of the decade.
The effects of social security on the distribution of wealth in Italy
The degree of substitutability between social security wealth and private wealth is a widely discussed topic. Much less effort is devoted to study the distributive properties of a measure of wealth which sums the future streams of pension benefits net of the contributions to the other traditional components of households net worth (financial and real activities, net of liabilities). This paper has two aims. By using the last six crosssections of the Bank of Italy Survey of Income and Wealth, firstly it estimates an âaugmentedâ measure of net worth which incorporates social security wealth, and secondly it examines the composition and the distribution of such augmented wealth among Italian households in the period 1991-2002. Augmented wealth is found to have fallen in the last decade as a product of two opposite forces, an increase in net worth and a parallel stronger decline in social security wealth, due to the two main pension reforms in 1992 and 1995. Wealth inequality, after rising steeply at the beginning of the 1990s, levelled off in the second part of the period. The major contribution to the upwards movement mainly came from social security wealth, whose distribution, although less unequal than the real and financial one, widened in the first part of the decade at a much faster pace.Social security wealth; Wealth distrubution; Wealth inequality; Italy
Eine retrospektive Langzeitstudie
Facial deformities as a result of inborn or acquired facial defects often lead
to functional impairment and psychological strain. Especially orbital defects
rank among the most emotionally distressing deformations. Affected patients
can be rehabilitated by covering the defects with crainofacial prostheses. The
development of osseointegrated implants for bone anchorage offers a reliable
fixation technique of the prostheses and is applied for many years. But only a
little number of studies exists investigating long-term success rates of
extraoral implants. This study focused on implants installed for retention of
orbital prostheses. The aim was to evaluate long-term survival rates and
possible influence factors of implants in the orbital region. Retrospectively,
a patient population with a large number of orbital implants was involved in
the present study during a reasonable time period (1991 â 2014). The implant
survival as well as influence of gender, age, nicotine use, side, irradiation
status, location of implant placement, implant system, length and retention
type on success rates were investigated. Therefore, patient data were
collected by examination of patients and checking patient files. The collected
data were transferred into a SPSS-table for calculating Kaplan-Meier curves
and performing log-rank test. In total, 282 orbital implants in 78 patients
with mean follow-up of 94.97 months (2 to 268 months) were assessed. These
implants showed survival rates of 91.3% after 2 years, 80.5% after 5 years,
68.7% after 10 years and 62.2% after 15 years. The results showed that
implants in females were more successful than in males (75.3% vs. 47.3%).
Furthermore a significant higher survival rate for supraorbital (67.4%) than
for infraorbital implants (51.5%) was indicated. The results also revealed
that implants with machined surface were more successful than implants with
rough surface (70.2% vs. 54.5%). Length and magnetic fixation seemed to have a
positive influence on implant survival. However, no significant relationship
was found between age, nicotine abuse, side, irradiation status and implant
survival. In conclusion, implants in the orbit seem to have a good to passable
prognosis over a long period. The study implicates that female gender,
localization in the supraorbital rim, machined surface of the implant system,
length and magnetic fixation have a positive effect on the survival of orbital
implants, while irradiation status, age, nicotine abuse and location side
donât seem to have any impact. Prospective patient treatment should take these
aspects into account.Entstellungen des Gesichts aufgrund angeborener oder erworbener Defekte fĂŒhren
bei betroffenen Patienten neben der funktionellen BeeintrÀchtigung auch zu
psychologischer Belastung. Vor allem im Orbitabereich zÀhlen diese zu den
emotional Ă€uĂerst stigmatisierenden Deformierungen. Mit Epithesen, welche
diese Defekte abdecken, können betroffene Patienten behandelt werden. Durch
die Entwicklung enossaler Titanimplantate wird eine zuverlÀssige, seit vielen
Jahren angewandte Verankerung der Epithesen ermöglicht. Allerdings gibt es nur
wenige Studien, welche sich mit LangzeitĂŒberlebensraten extraoraler Implantate
befassen. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte extraorale Implantate im Bereich
der Orbita und hatte zum Ziel, LangzeitĂŒberlebensraten und mögliche
Einflussfaktoren der Implantate zu analysieren. In dieser retrospektiven
Untersuchung wurden Patientendaten ausgewertet, bei denen im Zeitraum von 1991
bis 2014 enossale Implantate zur Fixierung von Orbitaepithesen inseriert
wurden. Verschiedene Parameter, wie die Ăberlebensrate der Implantate als auch
das Geschlecht, Alter, Nikotineinfluss, Patientenseite, Bestrahlungsstatus,
Implantatlokalisation, Implantatsystem, ImplantatlÀnge und der prothetische
Retentionstyp wurden ausgewertet. Mit den Daten, welche durch
Patientenuntersuchung und Aktenauswertung erhoben wurden, wurde eine SPSS-
Tabelle erstellt. Etwaige ZusammenhĂ€nge der Ăberlebenskurven anhand der
Kaplan-Meier Methode mit verschiedenen Parametern wurden mittels des Log-Rank
Tests geprĂŒft. Insgesamt wurden 78 Patienten mit 282 Orbitaimplantaten ĂŒber
einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 2 bis 268 Monaten (Mittelwert 94.97 Monate)
untersucht. Die kumulative ImplantatĂŒberlebensrate lag nach 2 Jahren bei
91.3%, nach 5 Jahren bei 80.5%, nach 10 Jahren bei 68.7% und nach 15 Jahren
bei 62.2%. Die Ăberlebensrate war bei Frauen mit 75.3% signifikant höher als
bei MĂ€nnern mit 47.3%. Bei den supraorbital inserierten Implantaten lag sie
höher als bei infraorbitalen Implantaten (67.4% vs. 51.5%) und Implantate mit
maschinierter OberflĂ€che (70.2%) zeigten höhere Ăberlebensraten gegenĂŒber
Implantaten mit rauen OberflÀchen (54.5%). Die ImplantatlÀnge und
Magnetverankerung schienen einen positiven Einfluss auf das ImplantatĂŒberleben
zu haben. Kein signifikanter Zusammenhang wurde zwischen Alter,
Nikotineinfluss, Patientenseite, Bestrahlungsstatus und ImplantatĂŒberleben
gefunden. Schlussfolgernd deuten die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie auf
gute bis akzeptable Ergebnisse bezĂŒglich der Langzeit-Vorhersagbarkeit von
Orbitaimplantaten hin. Faktoren wie das weibliche Geschlecht, die Lokalisation
am Supraorbitalrand, die maschinierte OberflÀche des Implantatsystems, die
ImplantatlÀnge und Magnetfixierung der Epithese scheinen die
ImplantatĂŒberlebensrate positiv zu beeinflussen, wohingegen der
Bestrahlungsstatus, Alter, Nikotineinfluss und Patientenseite keine Relevanz
zeigen. Diese Faktoren sollten bei der zukĂŒnftigen Patientenversorgung
berĂŒcksichtigt werden
Insularitat lingĂŒĂstica i cultural: el cas dels tabarquins de Sardenya (Calasetta, 23 i 24 de setembre de 2000)
Brincat, Giuseppe (2004): Malta. Una storia linguistica. Recco: Le Mani. XVI + 430 p. (Il Meditarraneo plurilingue, n.1)
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