6,918 research outputs found
Masculine Foes, Feminist Woes: A Response to Down Girl
In her book, Down Girl, Manne proposes to uncover the
“logic” of misogyny, bringing clarity to a notion that she
describes as both “loaded” and simultaneously “politically
marginal.” Manne is aware that full insight into the “logic”
of misogyny will require not just a “what” but a “why.”
Though Manne finds herself largely devoted to the former
task, the latter is in the not-too-distant periphery.
Manne proposes to understand misogyny, as a general
framework, in terms of what it does to women. Misogyny,
she writes, is a system that polices and enforces the
patriarchal social order (33). That’s the “what.” As for the
“why,” Manne suggests that misogyny is what women
experience because they fail to live up to the moral
standards set out for women by that social order.
I find Manne’s analysis insightful, interesting, and well
argued. And yet, I find her account incomplete. While I
remain fully convinced by her analysis of what misogyny
is, I am less persuaded by her analysis of why misogyny
is. For a full analysis of the “logic” of misogyny, one needs
to understand how the patriarchy manifests in men an
interest in participating in its enforcement. Or so I hope
to motivate here. I aim to draw a line from the patriarchy
to toxic masculinity to misogyny so that we have a clearer
picture as to why men are invested in this system. I thus
hope to offer here an analysis that is underdeveloped in
Manne’s book, but is equally worthy of attention if we want
fully to understand the complex machinations underlying
misogyny
CEO Succession: an Urgent Challenge for Nonprofits
Results of a survey of CEOs and board chairs from nonprofit organizations in Monroe County, NY. They responded to questions about current executive leadership and turnover, what kind of help they need, and important leadership characteristics. Includes links to national studies on the subject of leadership
High speed direct-binary to binary-coded-decimal converter and scaler
Telemetry (pulse code modulated) digital system usually sends binary numbers representing some parameter that is not value of binary number. Received binary number must be scaled and converted to binary coded decimal to operate readout device to display true value. Group of adders speed up binary number conversion and scaling in one operation
The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry
While most economists believe that public scientific research fuels industry innovation and economic growth, systematic evidence supporting this relationship is surprisingly limited. In a recent study, Acemoglu and Linn (2004) identified market size as a significant driver of drug innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, but they did not find any evidence supporting science-driven innovation from publicly funded research. This paper uses new data on biomedical research investments by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to examine the contribution of public research to pharmaceutical innovation. The empirical analysis finds that both market size and NIH funded basic research have economically and statistically significant effects on the entry of new drugs with the contribution of public basic research coming in the earliest stage of pharmaceutical drug discovery. The analysis also finds a positive return to public investment in basic biomedical research. --R&D,NIH,social return,biomedical,research lags,public science,new molecular entities
Does Public Scientific Research Complement Industry R&D Investment? The Case of NIH Supported Basic and Clinical Research and Pharmaceutical Industry R&D
This research investigates the hypothesis that publicly funded scientific research complements private R&D investment in the pharmaceutical industry. New microlevel data on public research investment by the U.S. National Institutes of Health allow measures of basic and clinical research in seven medical areas to be included in a distributed lag model explaining pharmaceutical R&D investment. Using a panel of therapeutic classes observed over eighteen years, the analysis finds strong evidence that public basic and clinical research are complementary to pharmaceutical R&D and, thereby, stimulate private industry investment. However, differences in the relevance and degree of scientific and market uncertainty between basic and clinical public research lead to differences in the magnitude and timing of the pharmaceutical investment response. The results indicate that a dollar increase in public basic research stimulates an additional 8.38 in pharmaceutical investment after eight years. The industry R&D response to public clinical research is smaller in magnitude and shorter in duration with a dollar increase in public clinical research stimulating an additional 2.35 in pharmaceutical investment over a three year period. --R&D,pharmaceuticals,NIH,distributed lag models
Biomedical academic entrepreneurship through the SBIR program2.
This paper considers the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program as a policy fostering academic entrepreneurship. We highlight two main characteristics of the program that make it attractive as an entrepreneurship policy: early-stage financing and scientist involvement in commercialization. Using unique data on NIH supported biomedical researchers, we trace the incidence of biomedical entrepreneurship through SBIR and describe some of the characteristics of these individuals. To explore the importance of early-stage financing and scientist involvement, we complement our individual level data with information on scientist-linked and non-linked SBIR firms. Our results show that the SBIR program is being used as a commercialization channel by academic scientists. Moreover, we find that the firms associated with these scientists perform significantly better than other non-linked SBIR firms in terms of followon venture capital funding, SBIR program completion, and patenting.Academic entrepreneurship; Characteristics; Data; Firms; Information; Innovation;
Exploring the relationship between scientist human capital and firm performance: The case of biomedical academic entrepreneurs in the SBIR Program.
Do academic scientists bring valuable human capital to the companies they found or join? If so, what are the particular skills that compose their human capital and how are these skills related to firm performance? This paper examines these questions using a particular group of academic entrepreneurs - biomedical research scientists who choose to commercialize their knowledge through the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research Program. Our conceptual framework assumes the nature of an academic entrepreneurs' prior research reflects the development of their human capital. We highlight differences in firm performance that correlate with differences in the scientists' research orientations developed during their academic careers. We find that biomedical academic entrepreneurs with human capital oriented toward exploring scientific opportunities significantly improve their firms' performance of research tasks such as 'proof of concept' studies. Biomedical academic entrepreneurs with human capital oriented toward exploring commercial opportunities significantly improve their firms' performance of invention oriented tasks such as patenting. Consistent with prior evidence, there also appears to be a form of diminishing returns to scientifically oriented human capital in a commercialization environment. Holding the commercial orientation of the scientists' human capital constant, we find that increasing their human capital for identifying and exploring scientific opportunities significantly detracts from their firms' patenting performance.Academic entrepreneurship; Biotechnology; Human capital; SBIR program; Firm performance; Performance; Entrepreneurs; SBIR;
Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurship Through the SBIR Program
This paper considers the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program as a policy fostering academic entrepreneurship. We highlight two main characteristics of the program that make it attractive as an entrepreneurship policy : early-stage financing and scientist involvement in commercialization. Using unique data on NIH supported biomedical researchers, we trace the incidence of biomedical entrepreneurship through SBIR and describe some of the characteristics of these individuals. To explore the importance of early-stage financing and scientist involvement, we complement our individual level data with information on scientist-linked and non-linked SBIR firms. Our results show that the SBIR program is being used as a commercialization channel by academic scientists. Moreover, we find that the firms associated with these scientists perform significantly better than other non-linked SBIR firms in terms of followon venture capital funding, SBIR program completion, and patenting. --Academic entrepreneurship,star scientists,SBIR,Venture Capital,innovation
Life Scientist Mobility from Academe to Industry: Does Academic Entrepreneurship Induce a Costly ?Brain Drain? on the Not-for-Profit Research Sector?
When academic researchers participate in commercialization using for-profit firms there is a potentially costly trade-off – their time and effort are diverted away from academic knowledge creation. This is a form of brain drain on the not-for-profit research sector which may reduce knowledge accumulation and adversely impact long-run economic growth. In this paper, we examine the economic significance of the brain drain phenomenon using scientist-level panel data. We identify life scientists who start or join for-profit firms using information from the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program and analyze the research performance of these scientists relative to a control group of randomly selected research peers. Combining our statistical results with data on the number of university spin-offs in the U.S. from 1994 to 2004 we find the academic brain drain has a nontrivial impact on knowledge creation in the not-forprofit research sector. --
Business R&D and the Interplay of R&D Subsidies and Market Uncertainty
The literature suggests that public research and development (R&D) subsidies may reduce market failures affecting private R&D investment caused by incomplete appropriability of knowledge and financial constraints due capital market imperfections. Drawing on the theory of investment under uncertainty, this paper argues that public R&D subsidies increase business R&D investment through an additional mechanism – mitigating the effects of market uncertainty on R&D investment in markets for new products. Using a sample of German manufacturing firms, we show that market uncertainty indeed reduces R&D investment, and that R&D subsidies mitigate the effect of uncertainty. Our findings suggest that public policies aimed at increasing business R&D investment can achieve this objective by reducing the degree of uncertainty in the demand for innovative products. --Real Options Theory,Uncertainty,R&D,Censored Regression
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