In search of the 1619 African arrivals

Accepted manuscrip

Development and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Non‐Violent and Violent Offending Behavior Scale (NVOBS)

both male and female participants in general (non‐forensic) samples. Potential items were selected from existing measures. A sample of 653 British university students completed all items, and their responses were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and validated with confirmatory factor analysis. There were five separate factors (general violence, drug‐related offenses, partner violence, theft, and criminal damage), which were confirmed with acceptable fit indices. The five‐factor model applied to both males and females. Each subscale demonstrated good internal consistency, with alphas for each factor ranging from moderate to good. This new measure is a potentially valuable research tool for investigating people’s involvement in violent and non‐violent offending. The importance of examining the psychometric properties of scales, and confirming the category groupings using CFA of the items is outlined

La costituzione mista in Polibio

This paper examines the theory of mixed constitution and the sociological doctrine of anacyclosis in Book VI of Polybius’ Histories. The ideal of a mixed government was popularized by Polybius, who saw the Roman Republic as a manifestation of Aristotle’s theory. Monarchy was embodied by the consuls, the aristocracy by the Senate, and democracy by the elections and great public gatherings of the assemblies. Each institution complements and also checks the others, presumably guaranteeing stability and prosperity. Polybius makes further distinction in the forms of government by including the nefarious counterparts to the ones mentioned above; tyranny, oligarchy, and ochlocrazy. These governments, according to Polybius cycle in a process called anacyclosis, which begins with monarchy and ends with ochlocrazy. The Roman model avoids this problem when it sets up the republic and becomes a mixture of the three types. Of course, none of this can happen without the censure of the people and no man can be installed in any position without the vote of the people. It is in this way, as Polybius understands it, that the strength of the Roman State is shown and held together. Polybius’ political beliefs have had a continuous appeal to republican thinkers from Cicero to Montesquieu to the Founding Fathers of the United States

Alien Registration- Thornton, John (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/24338/thumbnail.jp

Modulated Microwave Retro-reflectors and Their Applications

This work seeks to investigate the viability of establishing communications links using modulated microwave reflectors, and explores potential application areas. A primary and underlying objective has been to combine modulation of radar cross section (RCS) with the wide-angle RCS response of a microwave retro-reflector so as to yield a transponder which imparts information content on the reflected spectrum. Since the RCS is electrically large, the communications link is directive and yet the transponder is not a transmitter of microwave energy and hence has modest power needs. The microwave retro-array was quickly identified as the most promising structure to achieve these aims, and hence the further objectives of the work have been to investigate this structure and fabricate working prototypes so as to: • achieve a manufacturable structure. • perform measurements to compare with theoretical models of behaviour. • explore the limits of performance, and seek to expand them. • identify applications and markets. • explore and pursue such related discoveries that may occur. All the above aims have been explored to some extent, and the findings have been reported in the body of the thesis. The background and historical context is discussed in chapter 1, while chapter 2 reports on the construction and characterisation of 16- element modulated retro-array prototypes operating at a 2.5 GHz carrier frequency. The applied nature of this work is extended in chapters 3 and 4 to printed integrated circuits for passive transponders, and the scaling of these methods to frequencies around 9.2 GHz. Theoretical models for the properties of much larger arrays are presented in chapter 5, and range finding applications and results presented in chapter 6. Two applications are then discussed for which the required array dimensions are estimated, before closing with conclusions and suggestions for future work

Norming of the Executive Control Battery in Children

Executive functions include the ability of inhibiting responses, goal formation, planning, carrying out goal-directed plans, and effective performance (Jurado & Roselli, 2007). This study presents the findings of statistical analyses that were conducted to examine this study\u27s five research questions related to the Executive Control Battery (ECB; Goldberg, Bilder, Jaeger, & Podell, 2000). The ECB is a neuropsychological battery designed to assess executive deficits based on theoretical approaches developed by Alexander Luria and Elkhonon Goldberg. The primary objective of the research study is to examine normative data of the ECB and its four respective subtests in children. This was accomplished by determining adequate variance on the four ECB subtests and examining descriptive statistics. Reliability data was examined through both internal consistency and inter-rater reliability analyses. Finally, convergent and divergent validity was explored as ECB subtests were compared to other measures of EF (Stroop, WCST) as well as non-EF measures (WISC-III, WRAT-R) via multiple regression analysis. Results indicate that the ECB demonstrates adequate variance when administered to a sample of children. The ECB was found to be a reliable measure, as internal consistency was adequate on the four subsets and agreement among raters was established on the Graphical Sequences test. Convergent validity analysis, via multiple regression, indicated that Stroop Color Word Standard Score significantly explained Graphical Sequence Errors, and WCST Perseverative Errors Scaled moderately explained Motor Sequences Errors. Predictive validity did not produce a significant relationship between the ECB subtests and IQ. However, the Motor Sequences test was found to significantly predict WRAT-R Arithmetic performance. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research were discussed

Competition Without Chaos

California heralded the New Year with a wave of rolling blackouts, spiraling wholesale electricity prices, and at least one utility bankruptcy. California, which symbolizes the electronic age and represents an eighth of the U.S. economy and its population, faces electricity supply issues not seen since the Great Depression and the collapse of the great utility holding companies. To what extent is California the bellwether for the restructured electric industry in the United States? We do not believe that the recent crisis in California is a signal that competition and deregulation have failed. Indeed, it remains our firm belief that market-oriented restructuring of the electric industry remains the best opportunity to provide consumer benefits and to develop reliable new sources of supply. After all, a major impetus for introducing competition into the generation and marketing of electricity has been the previous failures in long-term planning decisions made by public utilities and their regulators. The regulated monopoly regime simply did not provide the correct economic incentives for a company to provide electric service efficiently. To what extent can other states that have restructured their electric industries expect to see California-like dramatic sustained price increases and supply shortages resulting in rolling blackouts? The root cause of California's problems was its long-term failure to build generating plants during the most sustained economic boom in the state's history. California's most significant restructuring problem was also a local issue. The California restructuring law required utilities collecting stranded costs to retain fixed price obligations to retail customers, while preventing them from hedging their price risk in the wholesale market by entering into long-term supply contracts. The California market design flaws have been avoided in the restructuring legislation enacted by the twenty-four states and the District of Columbia that have restructured electricity markets. Among these states are Pennsylvania and Illinois, the states where Exelon conducts public utility businesses. The restructuring efforts in these other states are generally yielding results quite different from those in California and demonstrate that thoughtful, market-oriented, evolutionary restructuring can work well for all parties. This is not a reason, however, for complacency. Government agencies, utilities and all market stakeholders must work hard to make sure this answer remains valid a few years hence. This work includes establishing appropriate pricing and incentives to encourage the building of new supply and the development of demand-side management programs; establishing regional transmission organizations in order to support the expansion of and appropriate pricing for transmission; establishing appropriate rules and pricing regarding the utilities provider of last resort or default supply obligation. The default supply issue is one of the most significant challenges to the transition to competition. If the delivery companies retain primary responsibility for arranging supply and thus lock up most of the generation sources, the result is reliable service and stable rates for customers. However, new market entrants' access to supply sources will be limited and at high prices, making it difficult for them to compete. To resolve this dilemma, we propose a bifurcated approach to default service offerings and pricing. For large customers, who have the most desirable service characteristics to competitive suppliers and thus more opportunity to hedge their price risk, the utilities' only default service obligation would be unbundled energy at a market price. For mass market customers, who lack hedging ability because of limited, if any, market development, the utilities would provide a fixed price, multi-year energy supply offering. The price for both offerings must include a risk premium adequate to compensate the utility for the risk it assumes and to avoid rates that are too low to allow alternative suppliers to compete. We believe our default supply resolution will achieve the competing goals of price stability, reliability, and the development of a mature competitive market. The California experience is not an accident or the product of bad luck. It is the product of choices, long-term choices about siting generation and transmission, and the more recent choice of a market design that imposed asymmetric risks on utilities to the ultimate detriment of all. If other states make similar choices, similar consequences can be expected to follow. In short, the California experience is no reason to reject restructuring; it is rather a forceful lesson on the importance of doing it right.

The National Policy, the department of the interior and original settlers : land claims of the Metis, Green Lake, Saskatchewan, 1909-1930

This thesis questions the adequacy of the Department of the Interior's response to the land claims of Metis settlers in Green Lake, Saskatchewan. Metis people originally settled in Green Lake because of the pattern of development of the fur trade. Green Lake was a major nexus on the fur trade transportation system, which encouraged Metis settlement and community development. After Confederation, when the national policy generated regional differentiation through uneven development, Green Lake remained under fur-trade domination. National policy expansion reached Green Lake with surveys in 1909 and 1911, replacing fur-trade property relations with the Dominion Lands Act. The surveys revealed Green Lake as a fur trade settlement with property claims consistent with the fur trade economy. Prior treatment of such claims under national policy regulations promised recognition of Metis claims based on prior settlement. Economic recession and World War I led to the abatement of national policy expansion. As a result, the department postponed action on the Metis claims until renewed interest in national policy settlement. Legislation passed in 1919 provided new direction to departmental consideration of the Green Lake claims. The only remnant of recognition of fur trade settlement was reference to 1908 legislation requiring occupancy at the time of treaty. The department subsequently disposed of Metis claims by offering most claimants only a right to purchase claimed land. Departmental response to Metis claims at Green Lake was inadequate on several grounds. It failed to consider adequately property relations extant from the fur trade economy. It acted without due consideration for established precedents associated with the national policy. It acted ultra vires to carry out and justify a restrictive and mean spirited response to Metis claims. The retroactive nature of 1908 legislation unfairly penalized claimants in the Treaty Six area. The department's limitation of the eligibility of claimants by constrictive criteria was compounded by its failure to examine seriously the evidence of Metis settlement that would have met such criteria. At the time of the 1930 transfer of land administration to the prairie provinces, the land claims of the Metis settlers of Green Lake remained unsatisfied