The seaweeds Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum are significant contributors to coastal iodine emissions

Based on the results of a pilot study in 2007, which found high mixing ratios of molecular iodine (I2) above the intertidal macroalgae (seaweed) beds at Mweenish Bay (Ireland), we extended the study to nine different locations in the vicinity of Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland during a field campaign in 2009. The mean values of \chem{I_2} mixing ratio found above the macroalgae beds at nine different locations ranged from 104 to 393 ppt, implying a high source strength of I2. Such mixing ratios are sufficient to result in photochemically driven coastal new-particle formation events. Mixing ratios above the Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus beds increased with exposure time: after 6 h exposure to ambient air the mixing ratios were one order of magnitude higher than those initially present. This contrasts with the emission characteristics of Laminaria digitata, where most I2 was emitted within the first half hour of exposure. Discrete in situ measurements (offline) of I2 emission from ambient air-exposed chamber experiments of L. digitata, A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus substantially supported the field observations. Further online and time-resolved measurements of the I2 emission from O3-exposed macroalgal experiments in a chamber confirmed the distinct I2 emission characteristics of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus compared to those of L. digitata. The emission rates of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus were comparable to or even higher than L. digitata after the initial exposure period of ~20–30 min. We suggest that A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus may provide an important source of photolabile iodine in the coastal boundary layer and that their impact on photochemistry and coastal new-particle formation should be reevaluated in light of their longer exposure at low tide and their widespread distribution

The seaweeds <i>fucus vesiculosus</i> and <i>ascophyllum nodosum</i> are significant contributors to coastal iodine emissions

Based on the results of a pilot study in 2007, which found high mixing ratios of molecular iodine (I-2) above the intertidal macroalgae (seaweed) beds at Mweenish Bay (Ireland), we extended the study to nine different locations in the vicinity of Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland during a field campaign in 2009. The mean values of I-2 mixing ratio found above the macroalgae beds at nine different locations ranged from 104 to 393 ppt, implying a high source strength of I-2. Such mixing ratios are sufficient to result in photochemically driven coastal new-particle formation events. Mixing ratios above the Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus beds increased with exposure time: after 6 h exposure to ambient air the mixing ratios were one order of magnitude higher than those initially present. This contrasts with the emission characteristics of Laminaria digitata, where most I-2 was emitted within the first half hour of exposure. Discrete in situ measurements (offline) of I-2 emission from ambient air-exposed chamber experiments of L. digitata, A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus substantially supported the field observations. Further online and time-resolved measurements of the I-2 emission from O-3-exposed macroalgal experiments in a chamber confirmed the distinct I-2 emission characteristics of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus compared to those of L. digitata. The emission rates of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus were comparable to or even higher than L. digitata after the initial exposure period of similar to 20-30 min. We suggest that A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus may provide an important source of photolabile iodine in the coastal boundary layer and that their impact on photochemistry and coastal new-particle formation should be reevaluated in light of their longer exposure at low tide and their widespread distribution

Enhanced activation of interleukin-10, heme oxygenase-1, and AKT in C5aR2-deficient mice is associated with protection from ischemia reperfusion injury-induced inflammation and fibrosis

Nephrolog

Early antihypertensive treatment and ischemia-induced acute kidney injury

RATIONALE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently complicates major surgery and can be associated with hypertension and progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD), but reports on blood pressure normalization in AKI are conflicting. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalapril, and the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHI), 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), on renal inflammation, fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis in a mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion-induced (IRI) AKI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male CD1 mice underwent unilateral IRI for 35 min. Blood pressure was measured by tail cuff and mesangial matrix expansion was quantified on methenamine silver stained sections. Renal perfusion was assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vehicle and TPPU treated mice and histology and immunohistochemistry was done to study severity of AKI and inflammation. Leukocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry and pro-inflammatory cytokines by qPCR. Plasma and tissue levels of TPPU and lipid mediators were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. IRI resulted in 20 mm Hg blood-pressure increase in the vehicle group. TPPU and enalapril normalized blood pressure and reduced mesangial matrix expansion. However, inflammation and progressive renal fibrosis were severe in all groups. TPPU further reduced renal perfusion on day 1 and 14. CONCLUSIONS: Early antihypertensive treatment worsened renal outcome after AKI by further reducing renal perfusion despite reduced glomerulosclerosis