Workplace Aggression Behaviors, Organizational Justice, and Intention to Leave Among U.S. Telecommunications Workers

Workplace aggression behavior is a global phenomenon that casts a dark shadow on many of today\u27s organizations, both public and private. As it frequently leads to violence, workplace aggression behaviors, which include harassment and bullying, have become a growing concern in the United States (Bandow & Hunter, 2007). Employees subjected to workplace aggression report a wide range of physical, psychological, and social complaints that prevent them from effectively performing their jobs (Fox & Spector, 2005). Employees who perceive feelings of injustice may experience decreased loyalty to their organizations (Tyler & Lind, 1992). Several researchers have examined aggression; however, little is known about the relationship among workplace aggression behaviors, organizational justice (procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational), and intention to leave. This study examines the fundamental theoretical literature and empirical studies related to workplace aggression behaviors, organizational justice, and intention to leave among U.S. telecommunications workers. In examining the relationship among workplace aggression, organizational justice, and intention to leave, practices in the fields of psychology, organizational behavior, economics, ethics, and human resources were utilized. A theoretical framework based on Buss\u27s (1961) three dichotomies of aggression behaviors (physical-verbal, active-passive, and direct-indirect), were used as a foundation for this dissertation. Three research questions, four hypotheses, and seven sub-hypotheses were developed for this non experimental, quantitative study to examine the relationships among workplace aggression behaviors, employee demographics and work profiles, organizational justice, and intention to leave. A total of 1,654 surveys were randomly sent by Zoomerang Market Tools to an accessible population of management and non-management telecommunications employees located throughout the United States. Out of 242 completed surveys, 241 were usable. The response rate was 14.6%. The final data-producing sample closely represented the distribution of the telecommunications sectors (wireline, wireless, cable, and satellite) of the target population and provided support for external validity of the study so that findings could be generalized across sectors. Furthermore, this study used an exploratory (comparative) and explanatory (correlational) survey to answer the research questions and test hypotheses. Exploratory data analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and coefficient alpha were used to examine the psychometric qualities of the scales. To answer the research questions, descriptive statistics were used. Additionally, to answer the exploratory (comparative) research questions, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Chi Square analysis were performed. Finally, to test the research hypotheses, stepwise (forward) hierarchical multiple regression were used to find the best explanatory models for respective hypotheses. This research examined the factors which exacerbate intention to leave and also identified areas for future scholarly study. Findings were not as expected. Of the telecommunications workers sampled for this study, 1 in 5 employees or 21% reported frequent experiences with workplace aggression behaviors. Results were inconsistent with Matthiesen and Einarsen\u27s (2007) and Namie and Namie\u27s (2000) research that reported approximately one in ten individuals were victims of workplace bullying. Distributive Justice and Informational Justice were significant explanatory variables of Intention to Leave for employees in the Satellite Telecommunications sector than any of the other sectors. Future studies utilizing this study\u27s model to examine increased Workplace Aggression, Organizational Justice, and Intention to Leave among the Satellite Telecommunications sector is recommended

The Severity of Refiner Action Upon Pulp Strength Indexes

Using the ball mill as the refining tool and five different strength developing materials, an investigation was made of the mechanism of fiber strength development. The various degrees of refining drasticness were obtained by using each of the five materials, and the burst and tear tests and burst times tear factor were used as the strength indexes for determining the various degrees of refining

Taxes, Efficiency and Economic Growth

In the third paper on taxation, Jack M. Mintz and Thomas A. Wilson consider the best way to allocate the “fiscal dividend”. This is the amount available to the government that can be used for tax cuts or expenditure increases within the framework of a balanced budget. In their view, although the current growth recession will reduce the potential surplus somewhat, the medium-term outlook is still for increasing surpluses. Concerned about lagging economic growth and emphasizing the importance of efficiency and productivity growth, they argue that priority should be given to debt reduction and tax cuts designed to stimulate investment and potential growth. Mintz and Wilson make the case that a large part of the remaining fiscal dividend should be allocated towards reducing the relatively large personal income tax burden faced by many Canadian families and individuals. But they also stress that it is important to steadily reduce payroll and business taxes as well. This case is supported by extensive international comparisons of taxes in Canada with other countries that show that the burden of taxation is higher in Canada than in many other industrialized countries. It is also bolstered by the results of simulations, using the FOCUS macroeconometric model, of a fiscal package containing significant debt reduction, modest spending increases and cuts in personal, business and payroll taxes. These simulations show such a fiscal package should have favourable supply-side effects on output, employment and productivity over the medium term. In addition, since their analysis reveals that there are still important issues of tax structure that need to be addressed, they recommend that the government establish a task force to review personal income taxes and to consider the need for additional tax cuts. Finally, Mintz and Wilson also remind us that while planned debt reduction is an important component of a growth-oriented fiscal policy, in the short run the size of the surplus should be allowed to vary with the level of economic activity. Otherwise fiscal policy will exacerbate the slowdown that is currently underway.FOCUS, Taxation, Simulation, Forecast, Efficiency, Growth, Debt Reduction