Izolacija i sposobnost hvatanja slobodnih radikala cijanidin 3-O-glikozida iz plodova Ribes biebersteinii Berl.

The reversed-phase preparative high performance liquid chromatographic purification of the methanol extract of the fruits of Ribes biebersteinii Berl. (Grossulariaceae) afforded five cyanidin glycosides, 3-O-sambubiosyl-5-O-glucosyl cyanidin (1), cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside (2), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (3), cyanidin 3-O-(2G-xylosyl)-rutinoside (4) and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (5). They showed considerable free-radical-scavenging properties in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with the RC50 values of 9.29 × 106, 9.33 × 106, 8.31 × 106, 8.96 × 106 and 9.55 × 106 mol L1, respectively. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by various chemical hydrolyses and spectroscopic means. The total anthocyanin content was 1.9 g per 100 g dried fruits on cyanidin 3-glucoside basis.Pet cijanidin glikozida, 3-O-sambubiozil-5-O-glukozil cijanidin (1), cijanidin 3-O-sambubiozid (2), cijanidin 3-O-glukozid (3), cijanidin 3-O-(2G-ksilozil)-rutinozid (4) i cijanidin 3-O-rutinosid (5) izolirani su iz metanolnog ekstrakta plodova Ribes biebersteinii Berl. (Grossulariaceae) koristeći reverzno-faznu preparativnu tekućinsku kromatografiju visoke učinkovitosti. Cijanidin glikozidi pokazali su sposobnost hvatanja slobodnih radikala u pokusu s 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazilom (DPPH). Dobivene su sljedeće RC50 vrijednosti: 9,29 × 106, 9,33 × 106, 8,31 × 106, 8,96 × 106, odnosno 9,55 × 106 mol L1. Strukture glikozida određene su kemijskom hidrolizom i spektroskopijom masa. Ukupni sadržaj antocijanina bio je 1,9 g na 100 g suhih plodova preračunato na cijanidin 3-glukozid

Role of Multichance Fission in the Description of Fission-Fragment Mass Distributions at High Energies

Fission-fragment mass distributions were measured for U237-240, Np239-242, and Pu241-244 populated in the excitation-energy range from 10 to 60 MeV by multinucleon transfer channels in the reaction O18+U238 at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem facility. Among them, the data for U240 and Np240,241,242 were observed for the first time. It was found that the mass distributions for all the studied nuclides maintain a double-humped shape up to the highest measured energy in contrast to expectations of predominantly symmetric fission due to the washing out of nuclear shell effects. From a comparison with the dynamical calculation based on the fluctuation-dissipation model, this behavior of the mass distributions was unambiguously attributed to the effect of multichance fission

Fission fragments mass distributions of nuclei populated by the multinucleon transfer channels of the 18O + 232Th reaction

It is shown that the multinucleon transfer reactions is a powerful tool to study fission of exotic neutron-rich actinide nuclei, which cannot be accessed by particle-capture or heavy-ion fusion reactions. In this work, multinucleon transfer channels of the 18O +  232Th reaction are used to study fission of fourteen nuclei 231,232,233,234Th, 232,233,234,235,236Pa, and 234,235,236,237,238U. Identification of fissioning nuclei and of their excitation energy is performed on an event-by-event basis, through the measurement of outgoing ejectile particle in coincidence with fission fragments. Fission fragment mass distributions are measured for each transfer channel, in selected bins of excitation energy. In particular, the mass distributions of 231,234Th and 234,235,236Pa are measured for the first time. Predominantly asymmetric fission is observed at low excitation energies for all studied cases, with a gradual increase of the symmetric mode towards higher excitation energy. The experimental distributions are found to be in general agreement with predictions of the fluctuation–dissipation model

Sleeve Lobectomy 10年後の再発に対し Completion Pneumonectomy を施行した腺様嚢胞癌の1例

A 62-year-old woman with adenoid cystic carcinoma which recurred 10 years after sleeve middle lobectomy was reported. Completion pneumonectomy was performed and her postoperative course was uneventful. If pulmonary function permits, reoperation for recurrent lung cancer should be attempted

手術成績からみた小型進行肺癌の手術適応の検討

This report analyzes the operative indication for the small lesion of advanced lung cancer. The subjects consisted of 25 patients with T1N2 lung cancer, one T1N3, four T1M1 and five small lung cancer lesion with dissemination, which was regarded as the small lesion of advanced lung cancer. The cumulative 5-year survival rate after operation for 25 patients with T1N2 lesion was 30.6%. Of 25 patients, 18 were selected patients who underwent a curative operation with a 5-year survival of 37.0%. In the remaining 7 patients, who underwent a non-curative operation, 5-year survival was 0%. As to mediastinal lymph node involvement, it is possible that metastasis to more than two levels of mediastinal lymph nodes or to the upper mediastinal lymph nodes (#1-3) are poor prognostic factors in T1N2 lesion. Another group except T1N2 could not be the comparative materials because they were much fewer in number. But T4 cases associated with small lung cancer lesion with dissemination and T1M1 cases associated with intrapulmonary metastasis encountered at thoracotomy could be expected to have a long-term survival. We conclude that T1N2 patients with metastasis to within one level of mediastinal lymph node, which will possibly have a curative operation, is a proper operative indication for the small lesion of advanced lung cancer

Within-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift

Authors thank Raquel Sánchez, Angel Caravante, Isabel Sánchez Almazo, Tatiana López Pérez, Samuel Cantarero, María José Jorquera and Germán Fernández for helping us during several phases of the study and Iván Rodríguez Arós for drawing the insect silhouettes. This research is supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (CGL2015-71634-P, CGL2015-63827-P, CGL2017-86626-C2-1-P, CGL2017- 86626-C2-2-P, UNGR15-CE-3315, including EU FEDER funds), Junta de Andalucía (P18- FR-3641), Xunta de Galicia (CITACA), BBVA Foundation (PR17_ECO_0021), and a contract grant to C.A. from the former Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC-2012-12277). This is a contribution to the Research Unit Modeling Nature, funded by the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), reference SOMM17/6109/UGR.Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype of producing different phenotypes when exposed to different environments, may impact ecological interactions. We study here how within-individual plasticity in Moricandia arvensis flowers modifies its pollination niche. During spring, this plant produces large, cross-shaped, UV-reflecting lilac flowers attracting mostly long-tongued large bees. However, unlike most co-occurring species, M. arvensis keeps flowering during the hot, dry summer due to its plasticity in key vegetative traits. Changes in temperature and photoperiod in summer trigger changes in gene expression and the production of small, rounded, UV-absorbing white flowers that attract a different assemblage of generalist pollinators. This shift in pollination niche potentially allows successful reproduction in harsh conditions, facilitating M. arvensis to face anthropogenic perturbations and climate change. Floral phenotypes impact interactions between plants and pollinators. Here, the authors show that Moricandia arvensis displays discrete seasonal plasticity in floral phenotype, with large, lilac flowers attracting long-tongued bees in spring and small, rounded, white flowers attracting generalist pollinators in summer.Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (EU FEDER funds) CGL2015-71634-P CGL2015-63827-P CGL2017-86626-C2-1-P CGL2017-86626-C2-2-P UNGR15-CE-3315Junta de Andalucia P18-FR-3641Xunta de GaliciaBBVA Foundation PR17_ECO_0021Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness RYC-2012-12277Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad SOMM17/6109/UGREuropean Union (EU) SOMM17/6109/UG

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council

Composite large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the common bile duct

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a high grade type of neuroendocrine tumour with an aggressive clinical course. This report describes the first case of LCNEC combined with an adenocarcinoma component in the common bile duct. A 68 year old man presented with jaundice. Severe stenosis of the bile duct was revealed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, and adenocarcinoma cells were detected by brush cytology. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed, and the patient died of disease three months after surgery. A tumour measuring 2.0 cm in diameter was located in the intrapancreatic portion of the bile duct. Histologically, the tumour consisted of a LCNEC component and a well differentiated adenocarcinoma component. There were transitional areas between the two components. Immunohistochemically, LCNEC cells were reactive for neuroendocrine markers, but no specific hormonal expression was found. Chromogranin A positive cells were found in some areas of the adenocarcinoma component. These findings are consistent with the theory that both of the carcinoma components originated from a common pluripotent stem cell

Impacts of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 on wildlife behaviour via human activities.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting in a global lockdown in 2020. This stagnation in human activities ('anthropause') has been reported to affect the behaviour of wildlife in various ways. The sika deer Cervus nippon in Nara Park, central Japan, has had a unique relationship with humans, especially tourists, in which the deer bow to receive food and sometimes attack if they do not receive it. We investigated how a decrease and subsequent increase in the number of tourists visiting Nara Park affects the number of deer observed in the park and their behaviour (bows and attacks against humans). Compared with the pre-pandemic years, the number of deer in the study site decreased from an average of 167 deer in 2019 to 65 (39%) in 2020 during the pandemic period. Likewise, the number of deer bows decreased from 10.2 per deer in 2016-2017 to 6.4 (62%) in 2020-2021, whereas the proportion of deer showing aggressive behaviour did not change significantly. Moreover, the monthly numbers of deer and their bows both corresponded with the fluctuation in the number of tourists during the pandemic period of 2020 and 2021, whereas the number of attacks did not. Thus, the anthropause caused by the coronavirus altered the habitat use and behaviour of deer that have continuous interactions with humans