The effect of form and level of fat and supplemental lysine on the performance of weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of lysine and form and level of fat on weanling pig performance. In experiment 1, 56 weanling pigs were housed individually and eight pigs were fed each of the seven different diets, a basal and six others containing 1, 2 or 3% added liquid or added dry fat. The pigs were fed twice daily an ad libitum level for two weeks. Pigs fed the dry fat diets had lower average daily gains during the experiment, than did pigs fed liquid fat diets (p \u3c .05). Initial weight affected feed efficiency (p \u3c .05) and feed consumption. Metabolizable energy consumption was not affected by diet (p \u3e .05). Lysine consumption per day was affected by fat source (p \u3c .05). In experiment 2, 54 weanling pigs were housed individually and each pig was fed one of the following diets designed in a 3 X 3 factorial arrangement utilizing 3 levels of lysine (.80, .95 and 1.10) and 3 levels of fat (0, 5% dry or 5% liquid). The pigs were fed their respective diets ad libitum twice daily for three weeks. Pigs fed the control diets had a higher average daily gain (ADG) during the second week (p \u3c .05) than pigs fed either the dry fat or liquid fat diets. Initial weight had an effect on pig gain (p \u3c .05). An increase in lysine level from .80 to .95% in diets with no added fat decreased ADG during the second and third week and overall compared to that of week 1 but increased ADG from .95 to 1.10% (p \u3c .05). For pigs fed the dry fat diets, ADG during week 2,3 and overall increased up to the .95% level of added lysine, and then it decreased (p \u3c .05). Pigs fed the liquid fat diets tended to have (p = .05) a linear decrease in ADG during week 2,3 and overall, as lysine level increased from .80 to .95 to 1.10%. Feed efficiency was improved for pigs fed the control diets compared to pigs fed either of the fat diets during week 2 (p \u3c .05). Animals fed the control diets during the third week consumed less feed (p \u3c .05). There was no diet effect on lysine consumption during week 1, 2 or 3 (p \u3e .05), lysine consumption per kilogram of gain during week 1, metabolizable energy (ME) consumption during week 1, 2 or 3 or ME consumption per gram of gain during all three weeks. Based on these experiments, feeding a level of added fat of 2 or 3%, seems to be the optimum added level to improve performance of weanling pigs. If fat is fed at higher levels than this then the essential amino acids need to be added to the diet in order to compensate for the lack of available nutrients. Key Words: Weanling pigs, Lysine, Metabolizable energy. Fat, Performance

The effect of form and level of fat and supplemental lysine on the performance of weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of lysine and form and level of fat on weanling pig performance. In experiment 1, 56 weanling pigs were housed individually and eight pigs were fed each of the seven different diets, a basal and six others containing 1, 2 or 3% added liquid or added dry fat. The pigs were fed twice daily an ad libitum level for two weeks. Pigs fed the dry fat diets had lower average daily gains during the experiment, than did pigs fed liquid fat diets (p \u3c .05). Initial weight affected feed efficiency (p \u3c .05) and feed consumption. Metabolizable energy consumption was not affected by diet (p \u3e .05). Lysine consumption per day was affected by fat source (p \u3c .05). In experiment 2, 54 weanling pigs were housed individually and each pig was fed one of the following diets designed in a 3 X 3 factorial arrangement utilizing 3 levels of lysine (.80, .95 and 1.10) and 3 levels of fat (0, 5% dry or 5% liquid). The pigs were fed their respective diets ad libitum twice daily for three weeks. Pigs fed the control diets had a higher average daily gain (ADG) during the second week (p \u3c .05) than pigs fed either the dry fat or liquid fat diets. Initial weight had an effect on pig gain (p \u3c .05). An increase in lysine level from .80 to .95% in diets with no added fat decreased ADG during the second and third week and overall compared to that of week 1 but increased ADG from .95 to 1.10% (p \u3c .05). For pigs fed the dry fat diets, ADG during week 2,3 and overall increased up to the .95% level of added lysine, and then it decreased (p \u3c .05). Pigs fed the liquid fat diets tended to have (p = .05) a linear decrease in ADG during week 2,3 and overall, as lysine level increased from .80 to .95 to 1.10%. Feed efficiency was improved for pigs fed the control diets compared to pigs fed either of the fat diets during week 2 (p \u3c .05). Animals fed the control diets during the third week consumed less feed (p \u3c .05). There was no diet effect on lysine consumption during week 1, 2 or 3 (p \u3e .05), lysine consumption per kilogram of gain during week 1, metabolizable energy (ME) consumption during week 1, 2 or 3 or ME consumption per gram of gain during all three weeks. Based on these experiments, feeding a level of added fat of 2 or 3%, seems to be the optimum added level to improve performance of weanling pigs. If fat is fed at higher levels than this then the essential amino acids need to be added to the diet in order to compensate for the lack of available nutrients. Key Words: Weanling pigs, Lysine, Metabolizable energy. Fat, Performance

The effect of environmental temperature, electrolyte sources and dietary electrolyte balance on performance and blood parameters of weanling pigs

Three experiments were conducted utilizing weanling pigs to evaluate: 1) the effect of different dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) levels; 2) different dEB levels and high environmental temperature; and 3) different electrolyte sources and dEB levels on performance and blood parameters. Experiment 1. Forty-nine crossbred weanling pigs averaging 11.8 kg were randomly assigned seven experimental diets for 21 d to determine the effect of different dEB levels on performance and blood parameters. Average daily gain, feed intake and gain/feed were not significantly affected by an increase in dEB above 224 mEg/kg of feed with the addition of either NaHCO3 or KHCO3. Inspection of the data indicated that initial pig weight affected response to dEB (P\u3c.05) as illustrated by a greater feed intake and body weight gain of pigs fed NaHC03 versus KHCO3. Blood gases were not significantly affected by treatment. Subsequent statistical analysis with electrolyte source using initial weight as a covariate indicated that supplementation of NaHCO3 resulted in increased body weight gain, feed consumption, and gain/feed. Experiment 2. Twenty-four crossbred weanling pigs averaging 17.3 kg were allotted to six dietary treatments which were blocked by initial weight. The treatments were fed for 19 d to evaluate the effect of different dEB levels (177, 205 and 347 mEq/kg of feed) and low (19.3 to 21.9°C) and high (27.7 to 32.3°C) environmental temperatures. Pigs housed under the low temperature gained an average of 77 g more per day and consumed an average of 320 g more feed per day than pigs housed under the high temperature (P\u3c.05); however, the high temperature treated pigs had improved (P\u3c.05) gain/feed. Increasing the dEB level did not significantly affect performance or blood parameters. High temperature lowered performance of pigs in this experiment. Experiment 3. Fifty-four crossbred weanling pigs averaging 12.4 kg were allotted to nine treatments for 27 d to determine the effect of electrolyte source and dEB level on performance and blood parameters. Pigs were blocked by initial weight. Average daily gain of pigs fed the higher level (417 mEq/kg) was depressed by an average of 54 g (P\u3c.05). Pigs fed 417 mEq/kg tended to have a reduced intake of feed. Blood gases and plasma mineral levels were not significantly affected by electrolyte balance in this experiment. Sodium sources improved blood buffering capacity of pigs when compared to potassium sources

Journal of Fishing Voyage, Schooner Signal, 1858

Journal for the Schr. Signal, a cod fishing vessel out of Kennebunk (Me.) whose master was Captain John Tanner. The log records a Fishing voyage from Cape Porpoise to the “Banks and Bay.” Includes much reference to weather conditions and some accounts of catch for individual crew members. The author of the Journal is John W. Hutchins

Business Faculty and Undergraduate Students\u27 Perceptions of Online Learning: A Comparative Study

In this paper, the authors compare business faculty and undergraduate students\u27 perceptions of online learning. Specifically, a survey was given to a convenience sample of 893 undergraduate students (of which 890 were usable) at two regional universities in the southern United States; a modified version of the survey was mailed to a random sample of 1,175 business faculty members throughout the United States. Comparison of the results from each group showed that a number of differences in perception exist, due, perhaps, to the heterogeneous points of view and motivations for online learning between faculty and students. Since many universities are still deciding the extent of their offerings of such courses, this information may be helpful to university administrators in deciding which types of courses at their universities might be offered online. Faculty who are considering teaching one or more online courses may find the results of this study helpful in structuring these online offerings. The results of this study should assist students in gaining a realistic expectation of what to anticipate from online learning courses based on information we have found and studies we have done. It is important that students have a realistic perception of the online learning experience

Sulfur isotope and trace element systematics of zoned pyrite crystals from the El Indio Au-Cu-Ag deposit, Chile

We present a comparative study between early, massive pyrite preceding (Cu–Ag) sulfosalt mineralization in high-temperature feeder zones (‘early pyrite’) and late pyrite that formed during silicic alteration associated with Au deposition (‘late pyrite’) at the El Indio high-sulfidation Au–Ag–Cu deposit, Chile. We use coupled in situ sulfur isotope and trace element analyses to chronologically assess geochemical variations across growth zones in these pyrite crystals. Early pyrite that formed in high-temperature feeder zones shows intricate oscillatory zonation of Cu, with individual laminae containing up to 1.15 wt% Cu and trace Co, As, Bi, Ni, Zn, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, Au, Pb and Bi. Late pyrite formed after (Cu–Ag) sulfosalt mineralization. It contains up to 1.14 wt% As with trace Cu, Zn, Pb, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Ge, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, Pb and Bi, as well as colloform Cu-rich growth bands containing vugs toward the outer edges of some crystals. Plotting the trace element data in chronological order (i.e., from core to rim) revealed that Co and Ni were the only elements to consistently co-vary across growth zones. Other trace elements were coupled in specific growth zones, but did not consistently co-vary across any individual crystal. The δ34S of early pyrite crystals in high-temperature feeder zones range from −3.19 to 1.88 ‰ (±0.5 ‰), consistent with sublimation directly from a high-temperature magmatic vapor phase. Late pyrite crystals are distinctly more enriched in δ34S than early pyrite (δ34S = 0.05–4.77 ‰, ±0.5 ‰), as a consequence of deposition from a liquid phase at lower temperatures. It is unclear whether the late pyrite was deposited from a small volume of liquid condensate, or a larger volume of hydrothermal fluid. Both types of pyrite exhibit intracrystalline δ34S variation, with a range of up to 3.31 ‰ recorded in an early pyrite crystal and up to 4.48 ‰ in a late pyrite crystal. Variations in δ34Spyrite at El Indio did not correspond with changes in trace element geochemistry. The lack of correlation between trace elements and δ34S, as well as the abundance of microscale mineral inclusions and vugs in El Indio pyrite indicate that the trace element content of pyrite at El Indio is largely controlled by nanoscale, syn-depositional mineral inclusions. Co and Ni were the only elements partitioned within the crystal structure of pyrite. Cu-rich oscillatory zones in early pyrite likely formed by nanoscale inclusions of Cu-rich sulfosalts or chalcopyrite, evidence of deposition from a fluid cyclically saturated in ore metals. This process may be restricted to polymetallic high-sulfidation-like deposits

The Online Classroom: Differences In Perception Between Business Students And Non-Business Students

The authors discuss the results of a questionnaire given to 893 undergraduate college students regarding distance-learning courses, which reveal a number of differences in perception between business and non-business students.  The authors suggest possible reasons for these differences, and make recommendations to university administrators and faculty as to what could be done to help reduce or limit these differences.  The results of this study should be of interest to university administrators, faculty members, and students who plan to offer, teach, or take online courses in the future.  In addition, this information may be helpful to university administrators in deciding which types of courses at their universities might be offered online.  Faculty who are considering teaching one or more online courses may find the results of this study helpful in structuring these online offerings.  This research is intended to give students a realistic expectation of what to anticipate from distance learning courses based on information we have found and studies we have done

Business Simulation Games: Effective Teaching Tools Or Window Dressing?

Business simulations serve as learning platforms that stimulate the “gaming” interest of students, that provide a structured learning environment, and that should help manage the time resources of faculty. Simulations appear to provide a context where students feel learning can take place. However, faculty perception of simulation research is lacking. This study focuses on perceptions of management and marketing faculty in U.S. business schools. Both groups perceive simulations as useful teaching tools for their undergraduate courses; however, neither group views simulations as offering learning opportunities that are superior to traditional methodologies, such as case studies, service learning, or in-class discussions

On the segmentation and classification of hand radiographs

This research is part of a wider project to build predictive models of bone age using hand radiograph images. We examine ways of finding the outline of a hand from an X-ray as the first stage in segmenting the image into constituent bones. We assess a variety of algorithms including contouring, which has not previously been used in this context. We introduce a novel ensemble algorithm for combining outlines using two voting schemes, a likelihood ratio test and dynamic time warping (DTW). Our goal is to minimize the human intervention required, hence we investigate alternative ways of training a classifier to determine whether an outline is in fact correct or not. We evaluate outlining and classification on a set of 1370 images. We conclude that ensembling with DTW improves performance of all outlining algorithms, that the contouring algorithm used with the DTW ensemble performs the best of those assessed, and that the most effective classifier of hand outlines assessed is a random forest applied to outlines transformed into principal components