144 research outputs found
Constraint on the ejecta mass for a black hole-neutron star merger event candidate S190814bv
We derive the upper limit to the ejecta mass of S190814bv, a black
hole-neutron star merger candidate, through the radiative transfer simulations
for kilonovae with the realistic ejecta density profile as well as the detailed
opacity and heating rate models. The limits to the ejecta mass strongly depend
on the viewing angle. For the face-on observations (), the total
ejecta mass should be smaller than for the average distance of
S190814bv ( Mpc), while larger mass is allowed for the edge-on
observations. We also derive the conservative upper limits of the dynamical
ejecta mass to be , , and for the
viewing angle , , and for ,
respectively. We show that the {\it iz}-band observation deeper than mag
within 2 d after the GW trigger is crucial to detect the kilonova with the
total ejecta mass of at the distance of Mpc. We also
show that a strong constraint on the NS mass-radius relation can be obtained if
the future observations put the upper limit of to the dynamical
ejecta mass for a BH-NS event with the chirp mass smaller than and effective spin larger than .Comment: 16 pages, 15 figure
Radiative transfer simulation for the optical and near-infrared electromagnetic counterparts to GW170817
Recent detection of gravitational waves from a binary-neutron star merger
(GW170817) and the subsequent observations of electromagnetic counterparts
provide a great opportunity to study the physics of compact binary mergers. The
optical and near-infrared counterparts to GW170817 (SSS17a, also known as AT
2017gfo or DLT17ck) are found to be consistent with a kilonova/macronova
scenario with red and blue components. However, in most of previous studies in
which contribution from each ejecta component to the lightcurves is separately
calculated and composited, the red component is too massive as dynamical ejecta
and the blue component is too fast as post-merger ejecta. In this letter, we
perform a 2-dimensional radiative transfer simulation for a kilonova/macronova
consistently taking the interplay of multiple ejecta components into account.
We show that the lightcurves and photospheric velocity of SSS17a can be
reproduced naturally by a setup consistent with the prediction of the
numerical-relativity simulations.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
The Impact of Municipal Mergers on Local Public Spending:Evidence from Remote-Sensing Data
How are resources distributed when administrative units merge? We take advantage of recent, large-scale municipal mergers in Japan to systematically study the impact of municipal mergers within merged municipalities and, in particular, what politicians do when their districts and constituencies suddenly change. We argue that when rural and sparsely populated municipalities merge with more urban and densely populated municipalities, residents of the former are likely to see a reduced share of public spending because they lost political leverage through the merger. Our empirical analyses detect changes in public spending before and after the municipal mergers with remote sensing data, which allows for flexible units of analysis and enables us to proxy for spending within merged municipalities. Overall, our results show that politicians tend to reduce benefits allocated to areas where there are a small number of voters, while increasing the allocation to more populous areas. The micro-foundation of our argument is also corroborated by survey data. The finding suggests that, all things being equal, the quantity rather than quality of electorates matters for politicians immediately after political units change
DEM-CFD simulation for mixing process of binary particles with large size difference in a bubbling fluidized bed
In practical applications of fluidized beds, the size of solid materials is not uniform and large solids coexist with small solids. The large size difference significantly influences the mixing and segregation phenomena in the beds. However, these behaviors are not fully understood. In the present study, a large-scale DEM-CFD coupling simulation (1) for a pseudo-2D bubbling fluidized bed of binary particles with large size difference is performed. Momentum exchange between larger particles and fluid is expressed by fictitious particle method by Tsuji et al. (2). A particle mixture consists of two kinds of spherical particles with 1 mm diameter and 2500 kg/m3 density and 20 mm diameter and 1600 kg/m3 density. The number of the smaller particles is twenty five million and that of the larger particles is five hundred. The particle mixture is initially in completely separated state, and mixing process of the particles is investigated. The snapshot of the simulation result is shown in Fig. 1. We can observe that the large particles are mixed by bubbles occurring in the bed.
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A low-mass binary neutron star: long-term ejecta evolution and kilonovae with weak blue emission
We study the long-term evolution of ejecta formed in a binary neutron star
(BNS) merger that results in a long-lived remnant NS by performing a
hydrodynamics simulation with the outflow data of a numerical relativity
simulation as the initial condition. At the homologously expanding phase, the
total ejecta mass reaches with an average velocity of
and lanthanide fraction of . We further perform
the radiative transfer simulation employing the obtained ejecta profile. We
find that, contrary to a naive expectation from the large ejecta mass and low
lanthanide fraction, the optical emission is not as bright as that in
GW170817/AT2017gfo, while the infrared emission can be brighter. This light
curve property is attributed to preferential diffusion of photons toward the
equatorial direction due to the prolate ejecta morphology, large opacity
contribution of Zr, Y, and lanthanides, and low specific heating rate of the
ejecta. Our results suggest that these light curve features could be used as an
indicator for the presence of a long-lived remnant NS. We also found that the
bright optical emission broadly consistent with GW170817/AT2017gfo is realized
for the case that the high-velocity ejecta components in the polar region are
suppressed. These results suggest that the remnant in GW170817/AT2017gfo is
unlikely to be a long-lived NS, but might have collapsed to a black hole within
s.Comment: 24 pages, 21 figures, submitted to Ap
The Impact of Phenological Gaps on Leaf Characteristics and Foliage Dynamics of an Understory Dwarf Bamboo, Sasa kurilensis
Phenological gaps exert a significant influence on the growth of dwarf bamboos. However, how dwarf bamboos respond to and exploit these phenological gaps remain enigmatic. The light environment, soil nutrients, leaf morphology, maximum photosynthetic rate, foliage dynamics, and branching characteristics of Sasa kurilensis were examined under the canopies of Fagus crenata and Magnolia obovata. The goal was to elucidate the adaptive responses of S. kurilensis to phenological gaps in the forest understory. The findings suggest that phenological gaps under an M. obovata canopy augment the available biomass of S. kurilensis, enhancing leaf area, leaf thickness, and carbon content per unit area. However, these gaps do not appreciably influence the maximum photosynthetic rate, total leaf number, leaf lifespan, branch number, and average branch length. These findings underscore the significant impact of annually recurring phenological gaps on various aspects of S. kurilensis growth, such as its aboveground biomass, leaf morphology, and leaf biochemical characteristics. It appears that leaf morphology is a pivotal trait in the response of S. kurilensis to phenological gaps. Given the potential ubiquity of the influence of phenological gaps on dwarf bamboos across most deciduous broadleaf forests, this canopy phenomenon should not be overlooked
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