Dependent Merges and First-Class Environments (Artifact)

This artifact contains the mechanical formalization of the calculi associated with the paper Dependent Merges and First-Class Environments. All of the metatheory has been formalized in Coq theorem prover. The paper studies a statically typed calculus, called ?_i, with first-class environments. The main novelty of the ?_i calculus is its support for first-class environments, together with an expressive set of operators that manipulate them

Dependent Merges and First-Class Environments

In most programming languages a (runtime) environment stores all the definitions that are available to programmers. Typically, environments are a meta-level notion, used only conceptually or internally in the implementation of programming languages. Only a few programming languages allow environments to be first-class values, which can be manipulated directly in programs. Although there is some research on calculi with first-class environments for statically typed programming languages, these calculi typically have significant restrictions. In this paper we propose a statically typed calculus, called ?_i, with first-class environments. The main novelty of the ?_i calculus is its support for first-class environments, together with an expressive set of operators that manipulate them. Such operators include: reification of the current environment, environment concatenation, environment restriction, and reflection mechanisms for running computations under a given environment. In ?_i any type can act as a context (i.e. an environment type) and contexts are simply types. Furthermore, because ?_i supports subtyping, there is a natural notion of context subtyping. There are two important ideas in ?_i that generalize and are inspired by existing notions in the literature. The ?_i calculus borrows disjoint intersection types and a merge operator, used in ?_i to model contexts and environments, from the ?_i calculus. However, unlike the merges in ?_i, the merges in ?_i can depend on previous components of a merge. From implicit calculi, the ?_i calculus borrows the notion of a query, which allows type-based lookups on environments. In particular, queries are key to the ability of ?_i to reify the current environment, or some parts of it. We prove the determinism and type soundness of ?_i, and show that ?_i can encode all well-typed ?_i programs

NCL++: Nested Collaborative Learning for Long-Tailed Visual Recognition

Long-tailed visual recognition has received increasing attention in recent years. Due to the extremely imbalanced data distribution in long-tailed learning, the learning process shows great uncertainties. For example, the predictions of different experts on the same image vary remarkably despite the same training settings. To alleviate the uncertainty, we propose a Nested Collaborative Learning (NCL++) which tackles the long-tailed learning problem by a collaborative learning. To be specific, the collaborative learning consists of two folds, namely inter-expert collaborative learning (InterCL) and intra-expert collaborative learning (IntraCL). In-terCL learns multiple experts collaboratively and concurrently, aiming to transfer the knowledge among different experts. IntraCL is similar to InterCL, but it aims to conduct the collaborative learning on multiple augmented copies of the same image within the single expert. To achieve the collaborative learning in long-tailed learning, the balanced online distillation is proposed to force the consistent predictions among different experts and augmented copies, which reduces the learning uncertainties. Moreover, in order to improve the meticulous distinguishing ability on the confusing categories, we further propose a Hard Category Mining (HCM), which selects the negative categories with high predicted scores as the hard categories. Then, the collaborative learning is formulated in a nested way, in which the learning is conducted on not just all categories from a full perspective but some hard categories from a partial perspective. Extensive experiments manifest the superiority of our method with outperforming the state-of-the-art whether with using a single model or an ensemble. The code will be publicly released.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2203.1535

Rethinking the Open-Loop Evaluation of End-to-End Autonomous Driving in nuScenes

Modern autonomous driving systems are typically divided into three main tasks: perception, prediction, and planning. The planning task involves predicting the trajectory of the ego vehicle based on inputs from both internal intention and the external environment, and manipulating the vehicle accordingly. Most existing works evaluate their performance on the nuScenes dataset using the L2 error and collision rate between the predicted trajectories and the ground truth. In this paper, we reevaluate these existing evaluation metrics and explore whether they accurately measure the superiority of different methods. Specifically, we design an MLP-based method that takes raw sensor data (e.g., past trajectory, velocity, etc.) as input and directly outputs the future trajectory of the ego vehicle, without using any perception or prediction information such as camera images or LiDAR. Our simple method achieves similar end-to-end planning performance on the nuScenes dataset with other perception-based methods, reducing the average L2 error by about 20%. Meanwhile, the perception-based methods have an advantage in terms of collision rate. We further conduct in-depth analysis and provide new insights into the factors that are critical for the success of the planning task on nuScenes dataset. Our observation also indicates that we need to rethink the current open-loop evaluation scheme of end-to-end autonomous driving in nuScenes. Codes are available at https://github.com/E2E-AD/AD-MLP.Comment: Technical report. Code is availabl

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Athens insomnia scale for non-clinical application in Chinese athletes

PurposeThis study aimed to revise and examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale for Non-clinical Application (AIS-NCA) among Chinese athletes. Additionally, the study tested the scale in non-athlete individuals with similar sleep management practices to further analyze its cultural specificity among Chinese athletes and make preliminary inferences about its applicability in other Chinese populations.MethodsFour hundred twenty-six Chinese professional athletes and 779 high school students participated in this research. Both athletes and students were divided into two parallel groups for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Additionally, three athlete samples and one student sample were established for reliability and validity assessments. Among athletes, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale were employed to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity. Re-test reliability was evaluated at intervals of 1 and 2 weeks. In the case of students, convergent and discriminant validity were tested using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the General Self-Efficacy Scale, with re-test reliability assessed at two-week intervals.ResultsThe Chinese version of the AIS-NCA consists of six items, categorized into two dimensions: sleep problems and daytime functioning. This structure explained 65.08% (athletes) and 66.22% (students) of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good model fit, with values of χ2/df = 2.217, CFI = 0.975, AGFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.953, and RMSEA = 0.076 among athletes, and χ2/df = 3.037, CFI = 0.979, AGFI = 0.947, TLI = 0.961, and RMSEA = 0.072 among students. The scale demonstrated a reasonable degree of measurement invariance. The overall scale and two subscales exhibited strong reliability and validity among athletes. Similar results in terms of reliability and validity were also observed within the student sample.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the AIS-NCA shows promise as an assessment tool for evaluating the sleep quality of Chinese athletes. It effectively captures both sleep-related concerns and daytime functionality within the athlete population. The scale demonstrates solid reliability and validity in professional athletes and holds potential for application across various other demographic groups in China

Protective role of curcumin in disease progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Background: Pathological progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to liver fibrosis (LF) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common dynamic state in many patients. Curcumin, a dietary supplement derived from the turmeric family, is expected to specifically inhibit the development of this progression. However, there is a lack of convincing evidence.Methods: The studies published until June 2023 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. The SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) approach was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. StataSE (version 15.1) and Origin 2021 software programs were used to analyze the critical indicators.Results: Fifty-two studies involving 792 animals were included, and three disease models were reported. Curcumin demonstrates a significant improvement in key indicators across the stages of NAFLD, liver fibrosis, and HCC. We conducted a detailed analysis of common inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, which traverse the entire disease process. The research results reveal that curcumin effectively hinders disease progression at each stage by suppressing inflammation. Curcumin exerted hepatoprotective effects in the dose range from 100 to 400 mg/kg and treatment duration from 4 to 10 weeks. The mechanistic analysis reveals that curcumin primarily exerts its hepatoprotective effects by modulating multiple signaling pathways, including TLR4/NF-κB, Keap1/Nrf2, Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase 3, and TGF-β/Smad3.Conclusion: In summary, curcumin has shown promising therapeutic effects during the overall progression of NAFLD–LF–HCC. It inhibited the pathological progression by synergistic mechanisms related to multiple pathways, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and apoptosis regulation

Design of current-risk-aware disturbance rejection controller for speed regulation of PMSMs

This paper presents a current-risk-aware disturbance rejection controller (CRA-DRC) for speed regulation of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), enhancing their reliability and safety. The CRA-DRC considers a current-risk-aware constraint, which reduces the conservatism associated with hard current-constraint and expands the feasible region of operation. To estimate unmatched disturbances (external load torques), a disturbance observer (DOB) is designed and implemented. However, the non-convex nature due to this current-risk-aware constraint poses a significant challenge for the resulting optimization problem. To address this issue, a distributionally robust reformulated method is proposed, which approximates the speed regulation problem as a second-order cone optimization problem. This approach enables simultaneous online computation of optimal control input and feedback gain while ensuring compliance with current safety specifications. It shows promising potential as a formal control solution for achieving safe and reliable motion control of PMSMs. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, demonstrating precise speed tracking with fast dynamic response even in the presence of disturbances and noise. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared to other commonly used control methods like the current-constrained disturbance rejection controller and disturbance rejection model predictive control, further establishing its superiority.</p

Design of current-risk-aware disturbance rejection controller for speed regulation of PMSMs

This paper presents a current-risk-aware disturbance rejection controller (CRA-DRC) for speed regulation of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), enhancing their reliability and safety. The CRA-DRC considers a current-risk-aware constraint, which reduces the conservatism associated with hard current-constraint and expands the feasible region of operation. To estimate unmatched disturbances (external load torques), a disturbance observer (DOB) is designed and implemented. However, the non-convex nature due to this current-risk-aware constraint poses a significant challenge for the resulting optimization problem. To address this issue, a distributionally robust reformulated method is proposed, which approximates the speed regulation problem as a second-order cone optimization problem. This approach enables simultaneous online computation of optimal control input and feedback gain while ensuring compliance with current safety specifications. It shows promising potential as a formal control solution for achieving safe and reliable motion control of PMSMs. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, demonstrating precise speed tracking with fast dynamic response even in the presence of disturbances and noise. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared to other commonly used control methods like the current-constrained disturbance rejection controller and disturbance rejection model predictive control, further establishing its superiority.</p

Single-cell analysis revealed that MTIF2 could promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through modulating the ROS pathway

Aims: To analyze the expression of mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2 (MTIF2) and the biological functions of the gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Background: The treatment of HCC treatment and its prognostic prediction are limited by a lack of comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms in HCC. OBJECTIVE: To determine the cells expressing MTIF2 in HCC and the function of the MTIF2+ cell subpopulation. Methods: Gene expression analysis on TIMER 2.0, UALCAN, and GEPIA databases was performed to measure the expression of MTIF2 in HCC tissues. Cell clustering subgroups and annotation were conducted based on the single-cell sequencing data of HCC and paracancerous tissues in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. MTIF2 expression in different cell types was analyzed. Further, biological pathways potentially regulated by MTIF2 in each cell type were identified. In addition, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of MTIF2 with genes in its regulated biological pathways were developed. The cell function assay was performed to verify the effects of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and MTIF2 on HCC cells. Finally, we screened virtual drugs targeting MTIF2 and SOD2 employing database screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Results: MTIF2 showed a remarkably high expression in HCC tissues. We identified a total of 10 cell types between HCC tissues and paracancerous tissues. MTIF2 expression was upregulated in epithelial cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes. More importantly, high-expressed MTIF2 in HCC tissues was mainly derived from epithelial cells and hepatocytes, in which the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway was significantly positively correlated with MTIF2. In the PPI network, there was a unique interaction pair between SOD2 and MTIF2 in the ROS pathway. Cell function experiments showed that overexpression of MTIF2 enhanced the proliferative and invasive capacities of HCC, which could synergize with SOD2 to co-promote the development of HCC. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations showed that DB00183 maintained a high structural stability with MTIF2 and SOD2 proteins during the simulation process. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that the high-expressed MTIF2 in HCC tissues was derived from epithelial cells and hepatocytes. MTIF2 might act on SOD2 to regulate the ROS pathway, thereby affective the progression of HCC

The effect of prolonged closed-loop management on athletes' sleep and mood during COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the 2022 Shanghai Omicron Wave.

Closed-loop management of athletes at the training base is a compromise approach that balanced epidemic prevention and sports training during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the impact of prolonged closed-loop management on athletes' sleep and mood during the 2022 Shanghai Omicron wave. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Profile of Mood States were used to assess the sleep and mood states of 110 professional athletes in "closed-loop management" at the training base after 1 and 2 months of closed-loop management, respectively, to characterize changes in sleep and mood with prolonged closed-loop management. After two months of control, the sleep and mood of 69 athletes and students of the same age were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Perceptual Stress Scale, as well as the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, to compare the differences in sleep and mood between athletes undergoing closed-loop management and the general population who were managed in the community. Paired sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests were used for comparisons across different time intervals and different management approaches. Results showed that with the time of closed-loop management increased, athletes woke up earlier (p = 0.002), slept less (p = 0.024), and became angrier (p = 0.014); athletes had poorer overall sleep quality (p < 0.001) but lower stress level (p = 0.004) than those who were outside the base. In closed-loop management, the athletes were able to maintain a stable sleep and mood state. Sports team administrators must be aware of the need to improve athletes' sleep quality and help athletes to agree with this approach of management