60 research outputs found

    A bird-cage coil for MRI studies of unsatureted granular materials

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    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful and non-invasive technique that can be used to reveal useful information about different types of materials. During an MRI experiment a magnetic resonance signal is induced (according to Faraday’s law of induction) in a device called “probe”. MRI probes are simply near field antennas designed in a specific way in order to produce a homogeneous magnetic field at a specific frequency in the region of interest. MRI is a strong technique to study unsaturated granular materials. However, it suffers from a significant drawback, that is inherent small signal-to-noise ratio. To overcome this problem the probe used for a specific MRI experiment must be optimised. In this work a bird-cage probe operating at 21.3 MHz, optimised to study unsaturated granular materials under shear stress as well as some experimental results will be presented

    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Volumetric Antenna

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    The paper proposes NMR antennas. The idea is to realize antenna dedicated to the study of unsaturated granular material. The aim is to design volumetric antenna whose small size allows increasing the measurement sensibility. The objectives are twofold: enhance the H-field homogeneity and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio

    Modeling and design of Rectenna Circuits for Wireless Power Transmission et 2.45 GHz

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    Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce mĂ©moire s’inscrivent dans la thĂ©matique de la transmission d’énergie sans fil, appliquĂ©e Ă  l’alimentation Ă  distance de capteurs, de rĂ©seaux de capteurs et d’actionneurs Ă  faible consommation. Cette Ă©tude porte sur la conception,l’optimisation, la rĂ©alisation et la mesure de circuits Rectennas (Rectifying antennas)compacts, Ă  faible coĂ»t et Ă  haut rendement de conversion RF-DC.Un outil d’analyse globale, basĂ© sur la mĂ©thode des DiffĂ©rences Finies dans le Domaine Temporel (FDTD), a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et utilisĂ© pour prĂ©dire avec prĂ©cision la sortie DC des rectennas Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats numĂ©riques obtenus se sont avĂ©rĂ©s plus prĂ©cis et plus complets que ceux de simulations Ă  base d’outils commerciaux. La diode Schottky a Ă©tĂ© rigoureusement modĂ©lisĂ©e, en tenant compte de ses Ă©lĂ©ments parasites et de son boĂźtier SOT23, et introduite dans le calcul itĂ©ratif FDTD.Trois rectennas innovantes, en technologie micro-ruban, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es,optimisĂ©es et caractĂ©risĂ©es expĂ©rimentalement. Elles fonctionnent Ă  2.45 GHz et elles ne contiennent ni filtre d’entrĂ©e HF ni vias de retour Ă  la masse. Des rendements supĂ©rieurs Ă  80% ont pu ĂȘtre mesurĂ©s avec une densitĂ© surfacique de puissance de l’ordre de 0.21 mW/cmÂČ(E = 28 V/m). Une tension DC de 3.1 V a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©e aux bornes d’une charge optimale de1.05 k_, lorsque le niveau du champ Ă©lectrique est Ă©gal Ă  34 V/m (0.31 mW/cmÂČ).Des rĂ©seaux de rectennas connectĂ©es en sĂ©rie et en parallĂšle ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Les tensions et les puissances DC ont Ă©tĂ© doublĂ©es et quadruplĂ©es Ă  l’aide de deux et de quatre Ă©lĂ©ments, respectivement.The work presented in this thesis is included within the theme of wireless power transmission, applied to wireless powering of sensors, sensor nodes and actuators with low consumption. This study deals with the design, optimization, fabrication and experimental characterization of compact, low cost and efficient Rectennas (Rectifying antennas).A global analysis tool, based on the Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD),has been developed and used to predict with a good precision the DC output of studied rectennas. The packaged Schottky diode has been rigorously modeled, taking into account the parasitic elements, and included in the iterative FDTD calculation.Three new rectennas, with microstrip technology, have been developed and measured.They operate at 2.45 GHz and they don’t need neither input HF filter nor via hole connections. Efficiencies more than 80 % have been measured when the power density is 0.21mW/cmÂČ (E = 28 V/m). An output DC voltage of about 3.1 V has been measured with anoptimal load of 1.05 k_, when the power density is equal to 0.31mW/cmÂČ (34 V/m).Rectenna arrays, with series and parallel interconnections, have been developed and measured. Output DC voltages and powers have been doubled and quadrupled using two andfour rectenna elements, respectively

    Modélisation et conception de circuits de réception complexes pour la transmission d'énergie sans fil à 2.45 GHz

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    The work presented in this thesis is included within the theme of wireless power transmission, applied to wireless powering of sensors, sensor nodes and actuators with low consumption. This study deals with the design, optimization, fabrication and experimental characterization of compact, low cost and efficient Rectennas (Rectifying antennas).A global analysis tool, based on the Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD),has been developed and used to predict with a good precision the DC output of studied rectennas. The packaged Schottky diode has been rigorously modeled, taking into account the parasitic elements, and included in the iterative FDTD calculation.Three new rectennas, with microstrip technology, have been developed and measured.They operate at 2.45 GHz and they don’t need neither input HF filter nor via hole connections. Efficiencies more than 80 % have been measured when the power density is 0.21mW/cmÂČ (E = 28 V/m). An output DC voltage of about 3.1 V has been measured with anoptimal load of 1.05 k_, when the power density is equal to 0.31mW/cmÂČ (34 V/m).Rectenna arrays, with series and parallel interconnections, have been developed and measured. Output DC voltages and powers have been doubled and quadrupled using two andfour rectenna elements, respectively.Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce mĂ©moire s’inscrivent dans la thĂ©matique de la transmission d’énergie sans fil, appliquĂ©e Ă  l’alimentation Ă  distance de capteurs, de rĂ©seaux de capteurs et d’actionneurs Ă  faible consommation. Cette Ă©tude porte sur la conception,l’optimisation, la rĂ©alisation et la mesure de circuits Rectennas (Rectifying antennas)compacts, Ă  faible coĂ»t et Ă  haut rendement de conversion RF-DC.Un outil d’analyse globale, basĂ© sur la mĂ©thode des DiffĂ©rences Finies dans le Domaine Temporel (FDTD), a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et utilisĂ© pour prĂ©dire avec prĂ©cision la sortie DC des rectennas Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats numĂ©riques obtenus se sont avĂ©rĂ©s plus prĂ©cis et plus complets que ceux de simulations Ă  base d’outils commerciaux. La diode Schottky a Ă©tĂ© rigoureusement modĂ©lisĂ©e, en tenant compte de ses Ă©lĂ©ments parasites et de son boĂźtier SOT23, et introduite dans le calcul itĂ©ratif FDTD.Trois rectennas innovantes, en technologie micro-ruban, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es,optimisĂ©es et caractĂ©risĂ©es expĂ©rimentalement. Elles fonctionnent Ă  2.45 GHz et elles ne contiennent ni filtre d’entrĂ©e HF ni vias de retour Ă  la masse. Des rendements supĂ©rieurs Ă  80% ont pu ĂȘtre mesurĂ©s avec une densitĂ© surfacique de puissance de l’ordre de 0.21 mW/cmÂČ(E = 28 V/m). Une tension DC de 3.1 V a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©e aux bornes d’une charge optimale de1.05 k_, lorsque le niveau du champ Ă©lectrique est Ă©gal Ă  34 V/m (0.31 mW/cmÂČ).Des rĂ©seaux de rectennas connectĂ©es en sĂ©rie et en parallĂšle ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Les tensions et les puissances DC ont Ă©tĂ© doublĂ©es et quadruplĂ©es Ă  l’aide de deux et de quatre Ă©lĂ©ments, respectivement

    A wideband rectifier array on dual‐polarized differential‐feed fractal slotted ground antenna for RF energy harvesting

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    International audienceThis article reports a novel wideband rectenna for RF energy harvesting applications. A wideband fractal slotted ground antenna (SGA) is adopted. The operating frequency bands of the antenna are GSM, UMTS, Wi‐Fi, and LTE2600/4G bands. The antenna is fed by a dual‐polarized and differential‐feed (DP‐DF) microstrip lines disposed with an angle of 90° each relative to the other. The feed lines are etched on the bottom side of the substrate and connected to an array of four wideband RF‐to‐DC rectifiers. A nonuniform transmission lines filter ensures wideband behavior for each rectifier. The rectenna performances are simulated and measured. The experiments show an output DC voltage of 1 V at a power density of 26.6 ÎŒW/cm2 over the frequency band of operation with a peak efficiency of 50%. The proposed rectenna is suitable for energy harvesting applications in urban environments

    A High-Performance Circularly-Polarized Rectenna for WirelessEnergy Harvesting at 1.85 and 2.45 GHz Frequency Band

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    International audienceThis paper deals with the design and experiments of a dual-band circularly polarized rectenna at 1.85 and 2.45 GHz. It uses a single antenna and a single RF-to-dc rectifier. The circuit contains a dual-band circularly polarized antenna and a dual-band RF-to-dc rectifier based on a miniaturized 180 ‱ hybrid ring junction. The ring junction is used to independently match the sub-rectifiers at each frequency. The proposed rectenna was experimented with single-tone and multi-tone incident waves. It achieves more than 300 mV and 40% efficiency, across a 4-kΩ resistive load, at very low power density of 1.13 ”W/cm 2 at 1.85 GHz and 1.87 ”W/cm 2 at 2.45 GHz. It also achieves more than 150 mV under the same load condition and in the critical case when receiving only one of the two frequency bands. It is dedicated to harvest RF energy in the GSM 1800 and the 2.45-GHz ISM bands, regardless the polarization angle of the incident waves

    A wideband fractal rectana for energy harvesting applications

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    International audienceThe design of a wideband fractal slotted ground plane antenna with a dual-linear polarization is presented. The geometry of the slot is shaped as a Koch fractal of third generation. The proposed antenna was designed and optimized to operate between 1.5 and 2.65 GHz. A single series-diode topology rectifier was developed and associated to the design for rectenna achievements. Both antenna and rectenna were fabricated and experimentally characterized. The simulated and measured results show good agreement. Experiments show more than 1 V output voltage and 70 % efficiency

    Conception et Mesure d'un Circuit Rectenna en Bande ISM à 2.45 GHz : Application à l'Alimentation d'un Capteur de Température

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    International audienceLa prolifĂ©ration sans cesse croissante de systĂšmes communicants sans fil soulĂšve le problĂšme de leur autonomie Ă©nergĂ©tique. Les solutions conventionnelles par pile ou par batterie posent de rĂ©els problĂšmes de durĂ©e de vie et de recyclage. Le concept de la transmission d'Ă©nergie sans fil (TESF) en utilisant le champ Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique lointain apparait comme une solution alternative et potentielle. L'Ă©lĂ©ment clĂ© d'un systĂšme de TESF est appelĂ©e rectenna (pour rectifying antenna), il contient une antenne de rĂ©ception et un circuit de conversion RF-DC. Le circuit de conversion RF-DC est souvent constituĂ© d'une ou de plusieurs diodes Schottky, d'un filtre HF en entrĂ©e et d'un filtre DC en sortie. Une rectenna est gĂ©nĂ©ralement chargĂ©e par un Ă©lĂ©ment rĂ©sistif, qui reprĂ©sente l'impĂ©dance d'entrĂ©e du dispositif Ă  alimenter. Ce papier dĂ©crit la conception et la mesure d'une rectenna efficace en bande ISM Ă  2.45 GHz, dĂ©diĂ©e Ă  l'alimentation de capteurs et d'actionneurs sans fil. Des rendements supĂ©rieurs Ă  80 %, Ă  des densitĂ©s surfaciques de puissance faibles et moyennes (< 45 ÎŒW/cmÂČ), ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s. La rectenna proposĂ©e est composĂ©e d'un circuit de conversion RF-DC symĂ©trique Ă  4 diodes Schottky et de deux antennes patch. Un outil numĂ©rique dĂ©diĂ©, basĂ© sur la mĂ©thode FDTD-3D, a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© au laboratoire et utilisĂ©. La faisabilitĂ© d'alimentation Ă  distance d'un capteur de tempĂ©rature par rĂ©cupĂ©ration et conversion d'Ă©nergie Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e. Le capteur effectue une mesure toutes les 10 secondes et nĂ©cessite une Ă©nergie d'environ 30ÎŒJ
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