Las milicias guaraníes en las misiones jesuíticas del Río de la Plata: un ejemplo de la transferencia organizativa y tácticas militares de España a su territorio de ultramar en la primera Época Moderna

Este artículo intenta contextualizar la formación de las milicias de indios guaraníes bajo la supervisión de los jesuitas en el Río de la Plata en el marco más amplio de la historia militar de España en la primera época moderna, a fin de rastrear la transferencia de la institución castrense y las técnicas militares entre la metrópoli y su territorio ultramarino. Nos enfocamos en el análisis comparativo de varios tratados militares publicados en España y en otras regiones europeas y las instrucciones despachadas por los sucesivos jesuitas provinciales de la región rioplatense a sus compañeros sobre la manera de entrenamiento para los pueblos autóctonos del continente americano. Sugerimos que los soldados españoles y guaraníes compartían la misma manera de formar unidades militares, llamadas “compañía”, y en el campo de batalla organizaban formas comparables de tropas bien ordenadas, las cuales eran denominadas “escuadrón”

Los padrones de indios guaraníes de las misiones jesuíticas (1656-1801): análisis dinámico y comparativo desde la óptica de los cacicazgos

This article focuses on an analysis of a set of census records of the Jesuit reductions of Paraguay and the Rio de la Plata, during the 17th and 18th centuries. A series of lists of names in a standardized format was periodically produced, on the occasion of the inspection of the royal Spanish authority for the purpose of collecting tribute. The objective of the article is to better understand in the light of these censuses, the internal structure and social function of the “cacicazgo” of the Jesuit reductions. A meticulous classification of numerous data recorded in each census, and a comparison of this data with other documents from the frame of reference of anthropology, are the main methodological aspects of this article. Este artículo analiza un conjunto de padrones de indios de las reducciones jesuíticas del Paraguay y el Río de la Plata correspondientes a los siglos XVII y XVIII. Esta serie de listas nominales en formato estandarizado fue elaborada periódicamente con motivo de la inspección española para la recaudación tributaria. El artículo tiene por objetivo comprender mejor, a partir de estos documentos, la estructura interna y la función social de los cacicazgos existentes en las reducciones jesuíticas. La clasificación meticulosa de los datos registrados en cada padrón y la comparación con otra documentación desde el punto de vista antropológico son aspectos metodológicos fundamentales de este artículo.

Transition and continuity of the indigenous leadership in the kinship organization and in the militia of the jesuit missions: qualitative analysis of the name lists of guarani indians

http://www.neppi.org/projetos/tellus_detalhes.php?id=37

Purification and immunochemical characterization of alpha-fetoprotein from rat fetal serum and liver

Two alpha1-globulin bands of fetal serum with relative mobilities against bromophenol blue of 0.55 and 0.58 on 7% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reacted with a monospecific rabbit antiserum to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The former globulin band was clearly detected in the fetal liver supernatant. AFP was immunochemically purified from both the fetal serum and liver, and their electrophoretic and immunochemical properties were compared. Liver AFP purified by immunoadsorbent column yielded electrophoretic mobilities and relative amounts of the two electrophoretically distinct components identical with the purified serum AFP. The immunological reactivity of the two components of the purified preparations from serum and liver against the monospecific anti-AFP serum was also indistinguishable. After the removal of the sialic acid residues from purified serum and liver AFP by treatment with neuraminidase for 6 to 12 hr, disc electrophoretic patterns on 5% polyacrylamide gel and immunoelectrophoretic patterns of the treated AFP were found to be closely similar in both preparations. It may be possible to conclude that serum and liver AFP are structurally indistinguishable and probably identical.</p

1707 ネン ノ ゴウドウ ニタイスル スコットランド ジン ノ ロンリ ト ニンシキ

論説(Article

El conocimiento indígena como recurso: Transmisión, recepción e interacción del conocimiento entre América y Europa, 1492–1800

Since antiquity, knowledge has often been juxtaposed with opinion. Whereas opinion commonly refers to subjective perceptions and viewpoints, knowledge is typically intended to represent objective and verifiable propositions. On this view, knowledge per se claims a universal dimension in that it pretends to be approvable through the reason of everyone, everywhere. This universal aspect of the concept of knowledge stands in marked contrast to cultures of local knowledge, where the generation of knowledge is dependent on specific times and places. These divergent aspects came into conflict when Indigenous knowledge was contested by Europeans and likewise, Indigenous challenges to European knowledge occurred. Based on religious, linguistic, demographic, and cultural disparities, knowledge operative in one context was adapted, manipulated, reframed, or dismissed as spurious or heretical in another framework. This book focuses on historical examples of Indigenous knowledge from 1492 until circa 1800, with contributions from the fields of history, art history, geography, anthropology, and archaeology. Among the wide range of sources employed are Indigenous letters, last wills, missionary sermons, bilingual catechisms, archive inventories, natural histories, census records, maps, herbal catalogues of remedies, pottery, and stone carvings. These sources originate from Brazil, the Río de la Plata basin (parts of current-day Argentina, lowland Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay), the Andean region, New Spain (current-day Mexico), the Canary Islands, and Europe. The 14 chapters in this book are clustered into five main sections: (1) Medical Knowledge; (2) Languages, Texts, and Terminology; (3) Cartography and Geographical Knowledge; (4) Material and Visual Culture; and (5) Missionary Perceptions

イングランド スコットランド ゴウドウ 300シュウネン ト 1707ネン ゴウドウ ケンキュウ ゴウドウ ケンキュウ ノ タヨウカ ト シン シテン

論

Functional Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Human Differentiated Epidermis and Its Regulation by Cytokines

Although heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is induced in keratinocytes after UV radiation, HO-1 expression during normal epidermal differentiation has not yet been reported. We showed by real-time PCR, western blotting, and ELISA that HO-1 mRNA and protein expression by cultured normal human keratinocytes was upregulated during epidermal differentiation induced by a high-calcium medium. Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization showed the graduated expression of HO-1 in the upper epidermis, which was accompanied by suprabasal HO-1 mRNA expression, and the accumulation of bilirubin (BR) in the stratum corneum. We examined the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is a pivotal transcription factor for HO-1 expression, by western blotting and by examining the mRNA expression of Nrf2 target genes, and excluded its role in HO-1 expression in epidermal differentiation. Next, we examined the regulation of HO-1 expression by inflammatory cytokines. IL-4 and IL-22 significantly reduced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression, whereas IL-1β, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increased it. Finally, immunohistochemical studies on psoriatic lesional skin showed that HO-1 expression was downregulated in the parakeratotic epidermis, whereas it was retained in the orthokeratotic epidermis. These studies demonstrate that HO-1 is functionally expressed by keratinocytes in parallel with epidermal differentiation and that its expression is independently affected by several cytokines

Differentiation by imaging of superior segmental optic hypoplasia and normal-tension glaucoma with inferior visual field defects only

Purpose: To differentiate superior segmental optic hypoplasia (SSOH) from normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) with inferior visual field defects only. Methods: Eighteen eyes with SSOH (SSOH group) and 19 eyes with NTG (NTG group) were examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT), Heidelberg retina tomography (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II, HRT II) and standard automated perimetry. Results: Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) based on OCT measurements was significantly reduced (thinner) in the superior to superonasal sectors and significantly greater (thicker) in the inferotemporal sector in the SSOH group than in the NTG group. The cup was significantly smaller and the rim significantly larger in the superotemporal and temporal sectors in the SSOH group than in the NTG group based on HRT II measurements. The greatest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for discrimination of SSOH from NTG by OCT and HRT II was for the RNFLT ratio of 1 + 2 o\u27clock/10 + 11 o\u27clock (0.985) and for the ratio of the superonasal to superotemporal sector of rim to disc area ratio and cup to disc area ratio (0.955), respectively. The frequent location of the inferior visual field defects corresponded to the difference in structural changes in both groups. Conclusions: Comparison of the superonasal to superotemporal sectors by OCT and HRT II were useful in differentiating SSOH from NTG with only inferior visual field defects. © 2012 Japanese Ophthalmological Society