monthly averaged anthropogenic aerosol direct radiative forcing over the mediterranean based on aeronet aerosol properties

Abstract. The all-sky direct radiative effect by anthropogenic aerosol (DREa) is calculated in the solar (0.3–4 μm) and infrared (4–200 μm) spectral ranges for six Mediterranean sites. The sites are differently affected by pollution and together reflect typical aerosol impacts that are expected over land and coastal sites of the central Mediterranean basin. Central to the simulations are aerosol optical properties from AERONET sun-/sky-photometer statistics for the year 2003. A discussion on the variability of the overall (natural + anthropogenic) aerosol properties with site location is provided. Supplementary data include MODIS satellite sensor based solar surface albedos, ISCCP products for high- mid- and low cloud cover and estimates for the anthropogenic aerosol fraction from global aerosol models. Since anthropogenic aerosol particles are considered to be smaller than 1 μm in size, mainly the solar radiation transfer is affected with impacts only during sun-light hours. At all sites the (daily average) solar DREa is negative all year round at the top of the atmosphere (ToA). Hence, anthropogenic particles produce over coastal and land sites of the central Mediterranean a significant cooling effect. Monthly DREa values vary from site to site and are seasonally dependent as a consequence of the seasonal dependence of available sun-light and microphysical aerosol properties. At the ToA the monthly average DREa is −(4±1) W m−2 during spring-summer (SS, April–September) and −(2±1) W m−2 during autumn-winter (AW, October–March) at the polluted sites. In contrast, it varies between −(3±1) W m−2 and −(1±1) W m−2 on SS and AW, respectively at the less polluted site. Due to atmospheric absorption the DREa at the surface is larger than at the ToA. At the surface the monthly average DREa varies between the most and the least polluted site between −(7±1) W m−2 and −(4±1) W m−2 during SS, and between −(4±3) W m−2 and −(1±1) W m−2 during AW. The DREa at infrared wavelengths is positive but negligible, especially at the ToA (<0.3 W m−2). The average of DREa monthly-means referring to all sites has allowed getting a ToA- and sfc-DREa yearly-mean value of −(3±2) and −(5±3) W m−2, respectively at solar wavelengths. Last data, even if refer to a particular year, indicate that the radiative energy-balance of Central Mediterranean land and coastal sites is quite affected by anthropogenic particles

In Situ Samplings and Remote Sensing Measurements to Characterize Aerosol Properties over Southeast Italy

Abstract Ground-based particulate matter (PM) samplers, an XeF Raman lidar operating in the framework of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET), and a sun/sky radiometer operating in the framework of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) have been used to characterize vertical profiles, optical and microphysical properties, and chemical composition of aerosols during the 29 June–1 July 2005 dust outbreak that occurred over the central-eastern Mediterranean. Aerosol backscatter coefficient, total depolarization, and lidar ratio vertical profiles revealed that a well-mixed dust layer extending from ∼0.5 to 6 km was present over southeastern Italy on 30 June. Sun/sky radiometer measurements revealed a bimodal lognormal size distribution during all measurement days. The particle volume distribution was found to be well correlated either to the PM mass distribution measured at ground by a seven-stage cascade impactor and to the fine to total suspended PM mass ratio measured by ground-based PM samplers. Scanning electron microscopy and ion chromatography analyses on PM samples revealed that coarse-mode aerosols were mainly made of carbonate, aluminum-silicate, and sea salt particles. Carbon, sulfate, and nitrate particles were the main components of fine-mode aerosols representing more than 50% of the total aerosol load; the significant role of fine-mode anthropogenic particles during a dust event is highlighted. Finally, the potential capabilities of complementary measurements by passive and active remote sensing techniques and in situ observations to retrieve the vertical distribution of the particle number and mass concentration are analyzed and discussed

Comparison of different conditions for DNA extraction in sputum : A pilot study

Background: The analysis of microbiome in respiratory samples is a topic of great interest in chronic respiratory diseases. The method used to prepare sputum samples for microbiome analysis is very heterogeneous. The selection of the most suitable methodology for DNA extraction is fundamental to have the most representative data. The objective of this study was to compare different conditions for DNA extraction from sputum in adult patients with bronchiectasis. Methods: Five sputum samples from bronchiectasis patients were collected at the Policlinico Hospital in Milan, Italy. Eighteen conditions for DNA extraction were compared, including two enzyme-based (Roche and Zymo) and one beads-based (Mobio) technique. These techniques were tested with/without Dithiothreitol (DTT) and with/without lysostaphin (0.18 and 0.36 mg/mL) step. DNA was quantified, tested using Real-time PCR for 16S rDNA and S. aureus and, then, microbiome was evaluated. Results: Although 16S rDNA was similarly detected across all the different techniques, Roche kit gave the highest DNA yield. The lowest Ct values for Real-time PCR for S. aureus was identified when lysostaphin was added. Considering genera from microbiome, alpha diversity indices did not show any significant differences between techniques, while relative abundances were more similar in presence of DTT. Conclusions: None of the conditions emerged to be superior to the others even if enzyme-based kits seem to be needed in order to have a higher extraction yield

An approach to interpreting restrictive spirometric pattern results in occupational settings

Objectives: The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of definition, epidemiology, diagnostic algorithm and occupational exposures related to abnormal restrictive spirometrical pattern (RSP) in order to improve the correct interpretation of spirometry test results by occupational healthcare providers. Methods: A review of the scientific English literature of the last 25 years was carried out with MEDLINE and related keywords [(restricti and spirometr) and occupational]. The first step analysis covered 40 studies and the second step the reference list. Results are presented in four major aims and subquestions. Results: A spirometrical pattern of reduced VC (Vital Capacity), together with a normal FEV1(Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second)/VC ratio, is suggestive, though not diagnostic of restrictive ventilatory defect (RVD). The prevalence of RSP is high in some studies, comparable to obstructive pattern, and could be associated to chronic medical conditions (diabetes, congestive heart failure, obesity, hypertension) as well as to increased risk of mortality and lung cancer. In order to predict true restrictive defect [TLC-(Total Lung Capacity

MODELISATION OF AEROSOL EXTINCTION AND BACKSCATTERING PROPERTIES AND COMPARISON WITH ELASTIC-RAMAN LIDAR OBSERVATIONS

REVIEWED AND REVISED PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 21ST INTERNATIONAL LASER RADAR CONFERENCE (ILRC), 8-12 JULY, 2002, QUEBEC, CANADA, L. R. BISSONNETTE, G. ROY, AND G. VALLEE EDITORS, 603-60

Atmospheric aerosol optical properties over Lecce, Italy

Troposheric aerosols properties have been measured by LIDAR in Lecce (40.33N, 18.10E), Italy, along the Earlinet project, starting from May 2000 to date. The regular measurements on a predetermined schedule, three measurements per week, compose the so called climatological data base. In particular, in night time, acquisition of Raman signals from atmospheric nitrogen was possible, thus aerosol backscattering and extinction could be determined without assumptions. The analysis of the measurements of Lecce from the beginning until August 2002 shows that the aerosol load (optical thickness and integrated backscattering) has a seasonal cycle peaked in summer months. Also the height at which the aerosols are confined increases in summer months; this height ranges typically between 1000 and 2500 meters, but in summer months it can increase until about 6000 meters. A similar behaviour is found during Sahara dust transport events, but very few such events are present in the climatological data base for summer months. Consequently the dust detected in the free troposphere is probably due to the absence of aerosols removal due to stable anticyclonic conditions in the Mediterranean area. It is found that the aerosols contained in the range 2500-6000 m are in average characterized by a lidar ratio higher than the aerosols contained in the lower part of the atmosphere and that the difference is statistically significative. The 4-day analytical backtrajectories reveal that aerosols in the low troposphere are more likely of marine origin, and this could explain the difference in lidar ratio. Further backtrajectories analysis is in progress to determine the origin of the free troposphere aerosols

What Impact of Local Action Groups on Social Capital and Local Development?

The European Commission, through the reform of the Structural Funds program, has introduced a new cohesion policy for local development based on the concepts of subsidiarity, partnership and programming. Local Action Groups (LAGs), as public private partnership, are essential for the implementation of the European LEADER program by supporting integrated territorial development strategies of a pilot nature, based on a bottom-up approach. In this study adopting a statistical approach, the LEADER program, through the Local Action Group, is investigated as a model of multilevel governance useful in promoting local development, focusing on the formation of social capital, and strengthening relations and partnership synergy. To this aim a questionnaire has been addressed to all the 132 LAGs operating in Italy. The research highlights the role played by LAGs in generating a collaborative network and social capital, contributing to the achievement of the objectives of local development

Three Years Systematic Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Aerosols

ABSTRACTS OF THE EUROPEAN AEROSOL CONFERENCE (31 AUGUST-5 SEPTEMBER, 2003, MADRID, SPAIN), J. OF AEROSOL SCIENCE, S1111-111