Towards Optimum Management of Total Suspended Solids in a Coastal Sea: The Case of Izmit Bay, Marmara Sea

The distribution and transport of total suspended solids (TSS) is considered in order to propose the strategy which, when implemented, would lead to compliance with the water quality criterion. Currently, most of the water in Izmit bay has a TSS concentration in excess of the legal maximum of 30 mg/L TSS. Modelling and simulation shows that the majority of the TSS does not originate from the known land based sources but probably represents phytoplankton. Since excessive quantities of N and P are discharged into the bay, sometimes the growth of phytoplankton is limited by the natural silicate content of the water. However, it is found that most of the phosphorus discharged from land based sources is in fact utilized by the phytoplankton. Hence, reduction of the TSS concentration to the legal limit can be achieved by decreasing phosphorus sources. If the majority of total organic carbon emanating from land based sources were removed, this would imply a considerable decrease in phosphorus inflow. It is suggested that waste waters from residential communities and the remaining industry should be treated and released to the layer below the halocline using one outfall in the eastern part and one or several outfalls in the central part of the bay

TREATMENT OF SOME METAL IONS IN LEACHATE IN COMPACTED AND CONSOLIDATED CLAYS AND VARIABILITY PERMEABILITY

In solid waste materials landfill sites leachate is the most significant problem in terms of environmental pollution. It is essential to block leachate before it reaches saturated layer or ground water level. To prevent this storage soil is made impermeable. Natural and crumpled clay used in sanitary landfill areas is usually used as ceiling or floor cover or in formation of side banks. Clay soil layers are employed effectively in blocking polluters such as leachate and organic liquids. According to previous researches the structure of soil is destroyed due to the leachate through and thus there have been alterations in permeability of the soil

Hydraulic conductivity and removal rate of compacted clays permeated with landfill leachate

Compacted clay soils are widely used as a barrier to protect environment from leachate migration. The suitability of clay soil for liner material, depends on resistibility to increase in hydraulic conductivity and contaminant transport. In this article, the influence of compaction energy and permeated leachate properties on the hydraulic conductivity were investigated. Natural attenuation capacities of clays compacted both standard and modified compaction methods were also evaluated. With this purpose, a series of laboratory tests were conducted with soil and real leachate samples obtained from Sile-Komurcuoda Organized Landfill Site. DI and real leachate samples were percolated through the laboratory-scale column reactors that were filled with compacted clay samples prepared according to Standard and Modified Proctor method. During percolation, the hydraulic conductivity and natural attenuation capacity of the clay liner were determined by hydraulic conductivity calculation and chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspenden solids (SS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP) monitoring, respectively. According to the hydraulic conductivity measurements using leachate, it is shown that hydraulic conductivity decreased in both compacted clay prepared by Standard and Modified Proctor methods, possibly associated with biological and chemical clogging mechanisms. It is thought that clogging formed due to biofilm growth and/or suspended solids accumulation between the particles of the clay soil. When the variations of the COD, SS, TKN, and TP were examined, it was observed that the removal efficiency of the clay compacted by the modified compaction method was greater than the one compacted by the standard compaction method, especially for SS

Hydraulic conductivity and removal rate of compacted clays permeated with landfill leachate

Compacted clay soils are widely used as a barrier to protect environment from leachate migration. The suitability of clay soil for liner material, depends on resistibility to increase in hydraulic conductivity and contaminant transport. In this article, the influence of compaction energy and permeated leachate properties on the hydraulic conductivity were investigated. Natural attenuation capacities of clays compacted both standard and modified compaction methods were also evaluated. With this purpose, a series of laboratory tests were conducted with soil and real leachate samples obtained from Sile-Komurcuoda Organized Landfill Site. DI and real leachate samples were percolated through the laboratory-scale column reactors that were filled with compacted clay samples prepared according to Standard and Modified Proctor method. During percolation, the hydraulic conductivity and natural attenuation capacity of the clay liner were determined by hydraulic conductivity calculation and chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspenden solids (SS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP) monitoring, respectively. According to the hydraulic conductivity measurements using leachate, it is shown that hydraulic conductivity decreased in both compacted clay prepared by Standard and Modified Proctor methods, possibly associated with biological and chemical clogging mechanisms. It is thought that clogging formed due to biofilm growth and/or suspended solids accumulation between the particles of the clay soil. When the variations of the COD, SS, TKN, and TP were examined, it was observed that the removal efficiency of the clay compacted by the modified compaction method was greater than the one compacted by the standard compaction method, especially for SS

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis as a Rare Complication of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Subgroup Analysis of the VENOST Study

Kozak, Hasan Huseyin/0000-0001-6904-8545; Sahin, Sevki/0000-0003-2016-9965; Batur Caglayan, Hale/0000-0002-3279-1842; GUNES, TASKIN/0000-0002-9343-0573; Afsar, Nazire/0000-0001-8123-8560; Uzuner, Nevzat/0000-0002-4961-4332WOS: 000498868800011PubMed: 31562041Aim: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an unusual risk factor for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). As few CVST patients with SLE have been reported, little is known regarding its frequency as an underlying etiology, clinical characteristics, or long-term outcome. We evaluated a large cohort of CVST patients with SLE in a multicenter study of cerebral venous thrombosis, the VENOST study, and their clinical characteristics. Material and Method: Among the 1144 CVST patients in the VENOST cohort, patients diagnosed with SLE were studied. Their demographic and clinical characteristics, etiological risk factors, venous involvement status, and outcomes were recorded. Results: In total, 15 (1.31%) of 1144 CVST patients had SLE. The mean age of these patients was 39.9 +/- 12.1 years and 13 (86.7%) were female. Presenting symptoms included headache (73.3%), visual field defects (40.0%), and altered consciousness (26.7%). The main sinuses involved were the transverse (60.0%), sagittal (40.0%), and sigmoid (20.0%) sinuses. Parenchymal involvement was not seen in 73.3% of the patients. On the modified Rankin scale, 92.9% of the patients scored 0-1 at the 1-month follow-up and 90.9% scored 0-1 at the 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: SLE was found in 1.31% of the CVST patients, most frequently in young women. Headache was the most common symptom and the CVST onset was chronic in the majority of cases. The patient outcomes were favorable. CVST should be suspected in SLE patients, even in those with isolated chronic headache symptoms with or without other neurological findings

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis as a Rare Complication of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Subgroup Analysis of the VENOST Study

Aim: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an unusual risk factor for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). As few CVST patients with SLE have been reported, little is known regarding its frequency as an underlying etiology, clinical characteristics, or long-term outcome. We evaluated a large cohort of CVST patients with SLE in a multicenter study of cerebral venous thrombosis, the VENOST study, and their clinical characteristics. Material and Method: Among the 1144 CVST patients in the VENOST cohort, patients diagnosed with SLE were studied. Their demographic and clinical characteristics, etiological risk factors, venous involvement status, and outcomes were recorded. Results: In total, 15 (1.31%) of 1144 CVST patients had SLE. The mean age of these patients was 39.9 +/- 12.1 years and 13 (86.7%) were female. Presenting symptoms included headache (73.3%), visual field defects (40.0%), and altered consciousness (26.7%). The main sinuses involved were the transverse (60.0%), sagittal (40.0%), and sigmoid (20.0%) sinuses. Parenchymal involvement was not seen in 73.3% of the patients. On the modified Rankin scale, 92.9% of the patients scored 0-1 at the 1-month follow-up and 90.9% scored 0-1 at the 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: SLE was found in 1.31% of the CVST patients, most frequently in young women. Headache was the most common symptom and the CVST onset was chronic in the majority of cases. The patient outcomes were favorable. CVST should be suspected in SLE patients, even in those with isolated chronic headache symptoms with or without other neurological findings

Epileptic seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Subgroup analysis of VENOST study

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and prognostic impact of early seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis patients (CVST)

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Women: Subgroup Analysis of the VENOST Study

Background. Early diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) associated with reproductive health-related risk factors (RHRF) including pregnancy, puerperium, and oral contraceptive (OC) use can prevent severe neurological sequelae; thus, the symptoms must be documented in detail for each group. Methods. Out of 1144 patients with CVST, a total of 777 women were enrolled from a multicenter for the study of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (VENOST). Demographic, biochemical, clinical, and radiological aspects were compared for 324 cases with RHRF and 453 cases without RHRF. Results. The mean age of the RHRF (-) group (43.2 ± 13 years) was significantly higher than of the RHRF (+) group (34±9 years). A previous history of deep venous thrombosis (3%), isolated cavernous sinus involvement (1%), cranial neuropathy (13%), comorbid malignancy (7%), and its disability scores after 12 months (9%) were significantly higher in the RHRF (-) group. The RHRF (+) group consisted of 44% cases of puerperium, 33% cases of OC users and 23% of pregnant women. The mean age was found to be higher in OC users (38±9 years). A previous history of deep venous thrombosis was slightly higher in the pregnancy subgroup (4%). Epileptic seizures were more common in the puerperium group (44%). Conclusion. The results of our study indicate that the risk of CSVT increases parallel to age, OC use, and puerperium period. In addition, when considering the frequency of findings and symptoms, epileptic seizures in the puerperium subgroup of the RHRF (+) group and malignancies in the RHRF (-) group may accompany the CSVT. In daily practice, predicting these risks for the CSVT and early recognition of the symptoms will provide significant benefits to patients