КОГНІТИВНА СХЕМА ЯК МЕХАНІЗМ ТРАНСЛЯЦІЇ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ДОСВІДУ

In modern philosophical literature, especially by American authors the question of cognitive anthropology objectis very controversial and accompanied with essential contradictions. In particular, many structures claim to be the "unit of culture. The basis of this field is research methodology of thinking and knowledge used for the formation of ideology and the influence of culture as general information array onto individual human cognitive system.Which exactly mental structures are responsible for the transmission of cultural experience, and therefore, the process of cultural adaptation? This entity is a cognitive schema. The theory of cognitive schemas is one of the mostrepresentative and significant trends in American philosophical anthropology of the late XX – early XXI century. The development of the theory of cognitive schemas in philosophical anthropology was backgrounded by the interpretation of culture as an information system, in definite way structured and organized.The progress of humanity in comparison with other biological species is explained through occupation of a specific "cognitive niche", which is survival mode by manipulating the environment and social interaction, based on thedevelopment of the capacity for abstract thinking and knowledge rather than physical perfection. The material worldexists according to "thing" type, ideas – according to informational type, and the two systems can exist in both: biological and technical, that living organisms and instruments created by mankind. From this perspective, the question arises: if these two systems are really similar (and that technical systems replicate human is obvious, because they are designed to solve the problems facing humanity, paths created by man), is it possible on the contrary to organize the process of human adaptation under the simplified machine type: received information, processed it and passed? Of course, this approach is largely reductionist, but it helps to understand the basis of information principles of modern society and to analyze the mechanisms of adaptation of the individual to the global information array.Cognitive schema is a system of knowledge, a simplified structure of the world used for the reasoning of it. Themain features of the schema should include the following: cultural conditioning – the bulk of the structure is theinformation generally applicable to the cultural group in which the individual is (including humanity as a whole as the largest such group); depending on the personal experience of the individual, because the schema is the product of creativity, unique and unrepeatable on one hand, but subordinate to general laws on the other; cognitive efficiency – the desire to obtain maximal efficiency with the least mental effort; automatism – the schema is implemented implicitly, unverbalizedly and instantly being not only and not so much a repository of information as the system of its processing and regulation of behavior, when absolutely automatic schemas got the name of "script", allowing to fully realize the above-mentioned principle of cognitive economy; hierarchical construction – simple schemas become the basis for more complex ones; presence within the schema of prototypes and stereotypes – mental images that reflect or summarize the typical properties of objects, letting them to be classified; resistance – the degree of schemas inclination to change under the influence of newly acquired experiences.By the direction of practical application cognitive schemas are divided into instrumental, social and linguistic ones, due to the need of building relationships with material objects of the external world (instrumental), society (social)and the expression of this relationships in the form of sign (linguistic).Basing on the above mentioned it can be concluded that culture, as dynamic informational structure determinesthe need to adapt cognitive structure of the individual to it; there are many similarities between biological and cultural adaptation, since the mind meets the general laws of evolution, while data trends may conflict due to restrictions imposed by culture on the biological nature of the individual; a person occupies a specific cognitive niche in the evolution of species, in which the main adaptive mechanism was the development of social, communicative and analytical skills; occupation of the mentioned cognitive niche became possible due to categorization of thinking, based on the functioning of specific mental structures – cognitive schemas, which are a mechanism of information processing and integration ofdata coming into already existing system of intercategoric relations, thus forming the outlook of individual.В статье проанализированы когнитивные основания процессов трансляции культурного опыта. В качестве одного из механизмов реализации этих процессов рассматриваются когнитивные схемы, их типологические и методологические характеристики, в частности инструментальные, социальные и лингвистические типы схем. Также обращено внимание на адаптационный потенциал механизмов культурной трансляции вследствие их информационного влияния на приведение в соответствие индивидуального и коллективного направлений культурного движения.У статті проаналізовано когнітивні засади процесів трансляції культурного досвіду. Як один з механізмівреалізації цих процесів розглянуто когнітивні схеми, їх типологічні та методологічні характеристики, зокрема інструментальні, соціальні та лінгвістичні типи схем. Також автор звертає увагу на адаптаційний потенціал механізмів культурної трансляції внаслідок їх інформаційного впливу на приведення у відповідність індивідуального та колективного напрямків культурного руху

Agricultural waste in Libya as a resource for biochar and methane production: An analytical study

This study aims to analyse the possibility of exploiting agricultural waste in Libya to produce biochar and methane gas, and to evaluate the technical, economic and environmental aspects associated with this technology. In this study, the focus was on seven agricultural projects located in the Libyan desert, where these projects contain many varieties of Crops. A region with a total area of 5.36×106 ha was explored from Benghazi to Dernah eastward including the Green Mountain (Libya). For literary analysis, peer-reviewed scientific publications for 2018-2023 were selected from reliable bibliometric databases Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, since these databases have the greatest coverage of peer-reviewed publications. To study the biomass potential of the region, the Bioenergy Tool developed by IRENA was used. The study showed that agricultural residues available in Libya can be used Libya, such as grain straw, palm trees, and others, in the production of biochar and methane gas, using pyrolysis techniques to convert agricultural waste into biochar and methane gas. The study indicates that this technology can be cost-effective and environmentally effective, and that many environmental and economic benefits can be achieved, such as improving air quality, increasing agricultural land productivity, and providing new job opportunities

Existing Risks of Forest Fires in Radiation Contaminated Areas: A Critical Review

The purpose to highlight and focus on the most important risks of forest fires in radiationcontaminated areas, with some detailing of the problem in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). The search strategy was to collect a sufficient number of relevant publications in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Mendeley, ResearchGate, GoogleScholar from 2006 to the present in English, Russian, Ukrainian. Requests were made on the topics "Forest fires in a radioactively contaminated area" and "Assessing the territories' radiation safety", as well as for the keywords of this study. Analysis of available open information about the CEZ was done. Although, in the future, temperatures are expected to rise in contaminated forests, and the amount of precipitation will remain the same or slightly decrease, which will contribute to an increase in the frequency of fires. Considering the socio-economic situation in Ukraine, the introduction of early detection systems is more profitable than the elimination of the consequences of such emergencies. Investigations have been studied, which were published after 2006 only in English, Russian, and Ukrainian. The most attention is paid to Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Despite the fact that a lot of studies are devoted to the study of the ecological situation in radioactively contaminated areas, many issues related to safety still concern the population living in this area. The reason for this is intermittent fires, which again and again cover large areas with smoke and cannot be extinguished for a long time. To eliminate anxiety, it is necessary to convey truthful information to the population in the most accessible and convincing way. It was a critical look at numerous studies in this area that made it possible to present concentrated information understandable for most segments of the population. The document concentrates on the most key problems of fires in radioactive forests, shows the intensity of the radionuclides impact on the population and the exposure ways, as well as the probable risks. Such information is necessary to reduce the psychological stress that can be caused by the media influence. Objectively understood situation promotes constructive action in extreme conditions and reduces the likelihood of panic

Conflict-related sexual violence as a threat to peace and security of the world

The aim of the article is to conduct a review of the main trends in the impact of sexual violence in the course of armed conflict on the growing threat to world peace and security. The subject of the study is conflict-related sexual violence. The research methodology includes the following methods of scientific knowledge: dialectical, logical, normative and dogmatic, monographic, system and structural, summarization. Research results. The concept of sexual violence related to the conflict, provided in international legal acts, is considered, its features and characteristics are studied. The goals of the use of sexual violence during armed or military conflict are established. Practical meaning. It is emphasized that every military conflict is accompanied by sexual violence, despite the adopted international agreements, conventions and resolutions that prohibit such actions. Value / originality. It is noted that conflict-related sexual violence remains a systematic, widespread, pervasive and universal phenomenon that poses a direct threat to world peace and human security

Case study of noise pollution from vehicles and legal mechanisms for road noise control

Among the many environmental problems of the modern world one of the important ones is noise pollution. Currently, noise pollution from vehicles requires special attention in densely populated and industrial cities, as there is a trend towards an increase in the areas of acoustic discomfort in built-up areas. The noise that occurs on the roadway of the highway extends not only to the territory near the highway, but also deep into the housing development. Study' objective was to assess noise pollution from vehicles in the most densely populated area of Poltava (Ukraine), as well as to establish the possibility of influencing the situation through legal mechanisms to have an understanding of further research directions and ways to achieve a comfortable urban environment in Ukraine. The noise levels from traffic flows were measured in accordance with GOST 20444-2014, using the Testo 815. To determine the equivalent noise level from the traffic flows movement, an empirical dependence was applied in accordance with the methodology of the State Agency for Highways of Ukraine. Determined that the daytime threshold values are exceeded by 20–28.9 dB(A), which is not acceptable. The reasons for the increase in noise are the road bumps, a significant number of cars and number of stops and streets junctions, the movement of vehicles at a non-constant speed, lack of roadside landscaping. About 62,550 people live in areas where the noise level exceeds the permissible value for the area near residential buildings. The calculation method used turned out to be more accurate than the measured results and showed a significant effect of traffic intensity on noise pollution. Apparently, the low measurement accuracy is justified by outdated road noise measurement standards, which, in turn, need to be seriously revised. Reducing noise levels by optimizing traffic flows is one of the priority areas in which it is necessary to bring the environmental legislation of Ukraine. Ukrainian legislation still needs to undergo many changes to reach a level where it can be used as a control lever to achieve a safe ecological environment

Scientific Support of Occupational Risk Management Decisions in Industrial Sectors in Case of Uncertainty

Introduction: One of the most important steps in risk assessment is the selection of assessment methods. Traditionally, when developing measures to reduce the level of occupational morbidity and industrial injuries, the results of an analysis of the causes, types of events and other factors that led to accidents are used. But such an approach does not meet modern requirements. For an adequate assessment of occupational risks, it is necessary to have objective data from different time periods: the onset of traumatic events in the past, the current state of threats to life and health of people, and the future state of threats in industrial sectors. Methods: Mathematical modeling remains the main means of scientific support for occupational risk management. The Elmeri system was chosen for occupational risk assessment in this study, which can be easily and quickly used in any industry and in enterprises of all sizes. A critical analysis of various approaches to managing occupational risks in enterprises was applied to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. The method of generalizing the most effective approaches to occupational risk management was applied to develop the algorithm of occupational risk management decisions in industrial sectors in case of uncertainty. Results: An occupational risk management algorithm has been developed to substantiate management decisions on planning measures to reduce risk, the implementation of which ensures the effectiveness of measures aimed at reducing risk. Research has shown that if the decision-making situation is characterized by conditions of uncertainty (it is impossible to obtain mathematical models of acceptable accuracy), the assessment of the predictive values of occupational risk is carried out exclusively by an expert. Thus, the occupational risk indicator used at the final stage of planning activities determines the degree of achievement of the result of solving the task. Conclusion: It has been established that in conditions of uncertainty (lack of necessary data or available data are incomplete or unreliable), experts involved in solving the problem of risk management use their own knowledge and experience in solving similar problems. As a promising direction for further research, it should be noted the development of a methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of operational management decisions for planning and implementing measures to reduce risk

Advancement in Ozone base wastewater treatment technologies: Brief review

Over 70% of the planet's surface is covered by water. A universal solvent, water can dissolve a wide variety of compounds. The majority of water contamination is caused by human activity. Increasing water use and pollution are to blame for the current shortage of fresh water supplies. Population expansion, agricultural runoff, and municipal wastewater are the primary sources of pollution in the river. To conduct the study, the logical chain was developed. For the review, open sources of scientific information were used. The focus was on publications from the last 10 years and at the same time; earlier works were taken into accounts that have useful information for this study, which were identified in the list of references when studying recent sources. The number of sources published earlier than 10 years ago does not exceed 7% of the total number of references. The present study aims to determine the optimum conditions for best removal of contaminants as the review focuses on advancement in Ozonation/AOP technology, different type of methods used for drugs removal and different operating condition. Various modern treatment procedures make extensive use of drinking water treatment plants. Water shortages in countries can be alleviated by implementing some of the recommendations made in the research. More catchment areas need to be developed; strict management policies and guidelines should be implemented. Ozonation can also more effectively remove certain personal care products (PPCPs) from the skin. Recycled water can be disinfected using ozonation, which breaks down ozone in water. When ozone is used in this way, it is an effective parasiticide, germicide, and virucidal agent. It can also remove the chroma compounds, smells, infections, and many micro-pollutants simultaneously. Ozone-based AOP should be studied in the future to see whether it is cost-effective and to see if it consumes more energy than other traditional treatment methods

Bioremediation of Petroleum Contamination: A Short Review

The pros and cons of using the bioremediation method for the removal of petroleum pollutants are discussed in this review article. Other methods along with bioremediation have been used to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the past. Bioremediation is cheap and efficient method than any other because major constituents of the crude oils are biodegradable. Despite the fact that, as compared to physicochemical strategies, longer periods are normally required, complete pollutant degradation can be achieved, and no further containment of the contaminated matrix is required. According to hydrocarbon present in the contaminants different strategies and organism are used for the bioremediation. Common strategies include controlling environmental factors such as oxygen availability, hydrocarbon solubility, nutrient balance and managing hydrocarbon degrading bacteria by eliminating the rate limiting factors that may slow down the bioremediation rate. Microorganism dynamics during bioremediation is most important for understanding how they respond, adapt and remediate pollution. However, bioremediation can be considered one of the best technologies to deal with petroleum product contaminants

Rainfall Prediction using Artificial Neural Network in Semi-Arid mountainous region, Saudi Arabia

Rainfall prediction using Artificial Intelligence technique is gaining attention nowadays. Semi-arid region receives rainfall below potential evapotranspiration but more than arid region. However, in mountainous semi-arid region high rainfall intensity makes it highly variable. This renders rainfall prediction difficult by applying normal techniques and calls for data pre-processing. This study presents rainfall prediction in semi-arid mountainous region of Abha, KSA. The study adopted Moving Average (Method) for data pre-processing based on 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years and 10 years. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained for a period of 1978-2016 rainfall data. The neural network was validated against the existing data of period 1997-2006. The trained neural network was used to predict for period of 2017-2025. The performance of the model was evaluated against AAE, MAE, RMSE, MASE and PP. The mean absolute error was observed least in 2 years moving average model. However, the most accurate prediction models were obtained from 2 years moving average and 5 year moving average. The study concludes that ANN coupled with MA have potential of predicting rainfall in Semi-Arid mountainous region

Land Use Analysis of Central Business District (CBD) of Metropolis Saddar Karachi through SRS/GIS Techniques

The high density of buildings and roads are commonly associated with the Central Business District (CBD) of a metropolitan and multicultural city Karachi, Pakistan. It is the highly interactive place of a metropolis, therefore, considers functionally effective zones. This paper will prove even with a high rate of urbanization and expansion due to urban sprawl, still Saddar is the focus of attraction concerning several facts. The main objectives of the study were to explore the land-based cataloging of Saddar based on activity and to assess the environmental issues which are associated with this land use classification for the sustainability of CBD the people perception methods of identification of research, Land-use (LU) Analysis of Area of Interest (AOI) via, questionnaire-based surveying, and geo-coding of activities methods have been used in this study.  The obtained results revealed that Saddar town covers land use approximately, 4.28% Leisure, 9.38% Shopping, Business or Trade, 7.9% Social, Institutional, or Infrastructure Related, 4.62% Mass Assembly of People, 6.37% Industrial, Manufacturing, and Waste Related, while 5.68% Traveler Movement,5.9% Natural Resource Related,52.40% Residential,3.4% No Human Activity or Unclassified. Approximately, 44.2% of the land use was engaged in capita producing activities, which reflects CBD’s functional strength.  Overall, it recommended that there should be more green spaces in the CBD to improve air quality. Vertical urban gardening/forest can be implemented as Saddar has limited space and it is a concrete jungle having very less open space