Pharmaceutical enterprises’ market entry strategies

The pharmaceutical sector encompasses a wide range of business activities – research and product development, manufacturing, marketing, international business, wholesale, retail and services. Consequently, it is facing the contemporary challenges of globalisation, sustainable development, social, economic and political change. At the same time, pharmaceuticals have a significant impact on the provision of health care, which limits the freedom of business. In framework of this research the applicability of the International business theories to pharmaceutical sector, as well as the major factors influencing the enterprise’ choice of the market entry mode are explored. The organisation of healthcare and its financing system are important external factors influencing the market entry strategy of the pharmaceutical company. Focusing on the healthcare market as a platform for medical entrepreneurship and significant regulatory interventions, it should be noted that, in a context of globalization, healthcare is characterised as both an international business and an area to strong government influence and demand generation. In the process of market entry strategy development, pharmaceutical enterprises more often choose the direct exporting, contractual modes and foreign direct investments as the market entry modes. In these circumstances, the Managed Entry Agreements become topical to ensure the availability of new medicines for patients and to encourage the pharmaceutical enterprises to come into market

Organizational innovation for SME'S: a model for Latvia

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can be a significant source of innovation in small economies. SMEs face challenges of limited capacity, personnel and resources for long-term investments. Additionally, they might not see and understand the benefits of innovation. Implementation of organizational innovation (OI) could give such enterprises an opportunity to improve competitiveness and develop other types of innovation. The purpose of this study is to develop a model, explaining OI through such factors as organizational culture (OC) and knowledge management (KM) in SMEs via an empirical study across various industries. Surveying 600 SMEs in Latvia, the authors explore the contribution of organizational factors - cooperation, trust, inclusive decision making, result orientation and long-term strategic planning, as well as knowledge management and organizational learning processes to OI performance. The authors propose a conceptual model in several steps, the current step focuses on Organizational Innovation Analysis through Regression Methods and on a final step a whole model for all kinds of Innovation outputs (not only organizational) will be designed through Structural Equation Modelling. After current analysis the influence of Human/Individual values over Organizational Innovation seems to be confirmed

INFLUENTIAL DETERMINANTS OF INNOVATION: CASE STUDY OF LATVIA AND GERMANY

Innovation is often recognized as a vital source of competitive advantage for business. Taking into account the conditions of increasingglobalization at a high level of intensity as well as a rapidly changing technological landscape and also continuous customerdemands for new products and services on the modern market, it is needed to assume that businesses have to innovate in order tosurvive and prosper in the contemporary environment. In the context of the paper at hand the main attention is given to the analysisof the theoretical and empirical aspects of the concept of innovation. There were applied such economic science research methods asmonographic, grouping, reference, generalization, graphical analysis and content analysis.KEY WORDS: innovation, growth, Germany, Latvia, competitiveness, enterprise

A firm’s organizational innovation and organizational learning abilities

Many recent studies are dedicated to the problem of innovation as a mean of improving a firm’s overall performance. Various kinds of innovation in a firm usually are closely interrelated with each other. While the majority of studies focus on technological - product and process - innovation, the investigation of non-technological - marketing and organizational - innovation (ORI), has increasingly attracted the interest of researchers during the last decade. Organizational culture and organizational learning are important drivers of such innovation. For instance, a collaborative culture, trust and open-mindedness encourage new initiatives and ideas, while learning helps not just to improve skillsets and abilities of individual employees, but can also greatly contribute to strategic knowledge management and building a resilient, innovative organization. This study examines the relationship between a firm’s organizational learning ability and its organizational innovation performance. The authors consider such factors as Learning Intention – seeing learning as a key investment and organizational commitment to it, and Openness - open-mindedness and organizational culture open to new ideas and worldviews. This study contributes to the theory of ORI by finding the answer to the question what impact these factors could have on ORI development in a firm. The findings are based on a quantitative analysis of more than 150 small and medium-sized enterprises surveyed in Russia and Latvia. The survey questions measuring ORI performance were developed in line with the widely used definition introduced in the OECD - Eurostat Oslo Manual. The scales for organizational learning were adopted from the previous studies elaborated this area of a firm activity. The survey compared a firm’s innovation performance to that of its closest competitors. This research demonstrates that some of the elements of organizational learning positively influence ORI activity. The results also suggest that Latvian companies differ from Russian ones in terms of their organizational learning intention

"Peleka" (enu) nekontrolejama ekonomika, tas ipatsvars tautsaimnieciba un ietekme uz valsts ekonomiku kopuma

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLEMinistry of Finance of the Republic of Latvia, Riga (Latvia)LVLatvi

Competence Utilization for Innovation Capabilities - A Question of Trust?

The purpose of this paper is to show how trust as an organizational value contributes to employee competence utilization in the case of innovation capability. Thus, it is the objective of this paper to analyze the positive impacts, but also potential limits of trust in business management. The research paper uses two different quantitative empirical studies drawn from German and Austrian mid-sized companies to empirically test this interrelation. As a result, the paper determines particular aspects of trust such as accountability, shared norms and the ability to take responsibility to be interrelated with the usage of employee competences and underlines a positive connection between product innovation performance and trust. However, the trust concept needs enriching elements to be balanced towards a feeling of mutual reliance and support creativity instead; inclusions of bridging social capital, elements of distrust and a pioneering spirit are to be mentioned here

Strukturalo reformu gaita un ietekme uz Latvijas tautsaimniecibu

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLEMinistry of Finance of the Republic of Latvia, Riga (Latvia)LVLatvi

ECONOMIC DECISIONS OF LATVIAN RURAL ENTREPRENEURS: INTERPRETATION OF MODERN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCOURSES

The basic assumption of European social science tradition is a conclusion that every decision made by an individual or an organization is well-founded and rational. The uppermost thesis of classical economics is a desire of every economic entity to attain maximum income by applying minimum possible resources. Hereto, income is usually defined by fiscal indices. Modern economics theories confirm that economic decision making processes can be explained more precisely with concepts of behavioural economics. Agents who make economic decisions are “rationally bounded” and elements of social positioning possibly exceed values expressed in categories of economic utility. The objective of this article is to prove that economic decisions made by Latvian rural entrepreneurs can be explained with the help of modern theories of social science that complement classical thought with an interdisciplinary view on socio-economical processes

Tirdznieciba ar pakalpojumiem. Nacionala tirgus pieejamiba un talaka liberizacija. Pakalpojumu eksporta potencials Latvijas pakalpojumu tirgus strukturas raksturojums un analize

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLELVLatvi