21 research outputs found

    Assessing the value of intangible benefits of property level flood risk adaptation (PLFRA) measures

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    © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Studies in the UK and elsewhere have identified that flooding can result in diverse impacts, ranging from significant financial costs (tangible) to social (intangible) impacts on households. At the same time, it is now clear that large-scale flood defence schemes are not the panacea to flood risk, and there is an increasing responsibility on property owners to protect their own properties. Hence, there is an emerging expectation for homeowners to take action in the form of investing in property level flood risk adaptation (PLFRA) measures to protect their properties. However, hitherto the level of uptake of such measures remains very low. The tangible financial benefits of investing in PLFRA measures are generally well understood and have been demonstrated to be cost beneficial for many properties at risk from frequent flooding. Importantly, these estimates tend to take little account of the value of the intangible benefits of PLFRA measures and therefore may be under estimating their full benefits. There remains a need to develop an improved understanding of these intangible benefits, and this research sets out to bridge this knowledge gap. Based on a synthesis of the literature, the contingent valuation method was selected as a means to value intangible impacts of flooding on households. A questionnaire survey of homeowners affected in the 2007 flooding was employed to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) values to avoid the intangible impacts of flooding on their households. The analysis of the questionnaire survey data revealed that the average WTP per household per year to avoid intangible flood impacts was £653. This therefore represents the value of the intangible benefits of investing in PLFRA measures and is significantly higher than previously estimated. This research builds on previous research in suggesting a higher value to the intangible impacts of flooding on households by assessing wider range of intangible impacts and focussing on more experienced individuals. Furthermore, the research indicates that factors which influence the WTP values were principally stress of flood, worrying about loss of house values, worrying about future flooding and age of respondents, with income showing a weak correlation. The establishment of a new value for the intangible impacts of flooding on households in the UK is helpful in the domain of flood risk management when evaluating the total benefits (tangible and intangible) of investing in flood protection measures, thus providing a robust assessment for decision-making on flood adaptation measures at an individual property level

    Diurnal variations of surface ocean pCO(2) and sea-air CO2 flux evaluated using remotely sensed data

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    This paper evaluates the effect of diurnal variations of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed on the surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2sw) and sea-air CO2 flux. This is carried out using a combination of climatological and remote sensing data. The calculations show that the diurnal heating cycle can drive a diurnal pCO2sw variability which may cause the global ocean uptake of CO2 to be more than twice as large during night than during day. The effect of diurnal wind speed variations on the sea-air CO2 flux is restricted to the tropics. The concurrent variations of SST and wind speed on diurnal time scales bring around covariance terms that may contribute to the monthly mean flux. These were estimated and found to be negligible. Thus, this study validates the use of diurnally averaged fields for computation of sea-air CO2 fluxes

    The clean heart,

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    Mode of access: Internet

    If winter comes,

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    This freedom,

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    On verso of t.-p.: Pocket edition.Illustrated lining-papers.Mode of access: Internet

    The happy warrior,

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    The clean heart,

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