Aktuelno stanje sistema za odvodnjavanje na oglednom dobru 'Radmilovac' i prioritetne mere za poboljšanje radnih karakteristika sistema

This article represents data of the drainage system functioning at the experimental field "Radmilovac" just after its construction and eleven years later. In the first three years of the system functioning the values of drainage discharge, water table depth and soil moisture content were in the range which characterizes satisfactorily drained soil. The absence of weed control and luxinate growth of annual and perennial weed every year canal silting, solid waste disposal in the canal significantly reduced cross- section of the water flow and blocked the outflow of the drain pipes. Mean value of the water table is moved toward the higher value, with small dispersion around the mean value, which can be used as one indicator more to describe the reduced functioning of drainage systems. To enable the system functioning on the design level, some extra works, out of regular maintenance, should be done to revitalize the system. Some of the works should be: to excavate the silt from the canal, to reshape the canal drainpipes leaching, to root up bushes and trees from the bottom of the canal.U radu su predstavljeni uporedni podaci o funkcionisanju drenažnog sistema na oglednom školskom dobru Radmilovac u periodu posle izgradnje sistema i posle 11 godina eksploatacije. U godinama neposredno posle izgradnje vrednosti drenažnog oticaja, nivoa podzemne vode, i vlažnosti zemljišta nalazile su se u granicama koje ukazuju na zadovoljavajuće funkcionisanje sistema za odvodnjavanje. Pojave kao što su zarastanje kanala u jednogodišnje i višegodišnje rastinje, zamuljivanje profila kanala, bacanje otpadaka u kanal, zatvaranje delova proticajnog profila i druge, dovele su do smanjene funkcionalnosti sistema za odvodnjavanje Srednje vrednosti registrovanog nivoa podzemne vode pomerene su prema većim vrednostima sa malim rasipanjem podataka oko srednje vrednosti, što se može smatrati još jednim pokazateljem smanjenog funkcionisanja sistema za odvodnjavanje. Za vraćanje sistema za odvodnjavanje u prvobitno stanje potrebne su mere revitalizacije sistema koje podrazumevaju dovođenje odvodnog kanala u prvobitno stanje i ispiranje drenažnih cevi

Primena metode Kraijenhoff Van de Leur-Maasland u odvodnjavanju

The aim of this work is to show some properties of the application of Kraijenhoff Van de Leur-Maasland’s method for drain spacing determination in unsteady state of flow. The analysis of the method is based on data obtained from drainage field with 10 m of drain spacing which dries out eugley soil. The results of analysis show the range of method applicability as well as certain limitations in the case of non-modelled dynamics of ground water recharges.Medju metodama za određivanje međudrenskog rastojanja u nestacionarnom režimu filtracije je i metoda Kraijenhoff van de Leur-Maasland. Kao i druge metode iz ove grupe, ona polazi od predpostavke da je priticanje u dren promenljivo u toku vremena, pa se i pritisak pod kojim se isticanje dešava menja u toku vremena. Nivo podzemnih voda osciluje u vremenu, i to pod uticajem nestalnog priticanja, uglavnom od padavina. Metoda Kraijenhoff van de Leur-Maasland se zapravo ne koristi za praktična izračunavanje rastojanja između drenova. Međutim, korisna je kod analize promene nivoa podzemnih voda i promena brzine isticanja koje su posledica promena doticaja. Jednačina se može primenjivati u tri slučaja: pri konstantnom i kontinualnom doticanju, pri konstantnom doticanju praćenom periodom restrikcije, i u slučaju kada je doticanje proizvoljna funkcija vremena. Procene međudrenažnog rastojanja na drenažnom sistemu sa L=10m su veće nego što ono zaista jeste. Metoda Van de Leur-Maasland-a podrazumeva da doticaja osim merenog, dakle padavina ili navodnjavanja, nema. S obzirom na to da ovo zemljište obiluje podzemnim vodama, dakle postoje doticaji koji nisu obuhvaćeni niti kroz padavine niti kroz navodnjavanje, ova metoda pokušava da smanjene dubine podzemnih voda obrazloži fiktivnim, većim rastojanjem između drenova. Na sistemima sa većim međudrenažnim rastojanjima, efekat nemodelirane dinamike doticaja ima manje uticaja. Ova osobina metode van de Leur-Maasland-a pokazaće se kao veoma veliko ograničenje u primeni, jer zahteva egzaktno merenje i poznavanje svih doticaja vode. U ovom smislu metoda pokazuje sličnost sa drugim metodama za određivanje rastojanja između drenova u nestacionarnom režimu filtracije

Neke osobine metode Guyon-a za određivanje rastojanja između drenova na močvarno-glejnom zemljištu

The aim of this work is to show out some properties of Guyon's method for drain spacing determination in unsteady state of flow. The analysis has been carried out in the marshy gley soil of the experimental field with drain spacing of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m. The method assumed modeled dynamics of water recharge, which hasn't been observed during the experimental trial. Therefore, its application is limited.Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže пeke osobine primene metode Guyon-a za određivanje rastojanja između drenova u nestacionarnom režimu filtracije. Analiza je izvedena na primeru močvarno-glejnog zemljišta, na drenažnom sistemu sa rastojanjima između drenova 10, 20 i 30 metara. Metode primenljive u uslovima nestacionaraog režima filtracije podrazumevaju da doticaja osim merenog, dakle padavina ili navodnjavanja, nema. S obzirom da močvarno-glejno zemljište obiluje podzemnim vodama, postoje doticaji koji nisu obuhvaćeni niti kroz padavine, niti kroz navodnjavanje. Metoda Guyon-a smanjenje dubine podzemnih voda pokušava da obrazloži fiktivnim, većim rastojanjem između drenova, i manje je uspešna nego metoda Glover-Duma, sa kojom ima velike sličnosti. Ova osobina metode Guyon-a je veoma veliko ograničenje u primeni, te se konačno može zaključiti da na močvarno-glejnim zemljištima ova metoda ne daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate

Kriterijum procene pogodnosti zemljišta za odvodnjavanje sa stanovišta očuvanja životne sredine

Evaluation of soil reclamation needs should be done by existed agricultural and economical parameters, but also new ecological ones have to be introduced. There are not any solid criteria for negative drainage impact on environment evaluation so far. Therefore, the aim of this work was to suggest possible criteria for thoroughgoing evaluation of soil drainage suitability. According to suggested criteria, threshold values of soil drainage suitability are introduced. In the field "Orlača" eugley soil shouldn’t be drained, whereas fluvisol and semigley are partly suitable for drainage. .Vrednovanje meliorativnog područja trebalo bi da pored postojećih poljoprivrednih i ekonomskih uključi i ekološke parametre. S obzirom da do danas ne postoj čvrsti kriterijumi za sagledavanje negativnih uticaja mera odvodnjavanja na životnu sredinu, u radu su predloženi mogući kriterijumi za sveobuhvatno vrednovanje pogodnosti zemljišta za odvodnjavanje. Na osnovu predloženih kriterijuma uvedeni su pragovi pogodnosti zemljišta za odvodnjavanje. Pokazano je da močvarno-glejno zemljište područja "Orlača" ne treba odvodnjavati, dok su aluvijalno i livadsko zemljište uslovno pogodna za odvodnjavanje.

Neka ograničenja primene metoda za određivanje međudrenskog rastojanja u nestacionarnom režimu filtracije na močvarno-glejnom zemljištu

The aim of this research was to figure out certain limitations of methods for drain spacing determination application in unsteady-state of flow rate to the drains in the eugley soil. The well-known Glover-Dumm method was taken in this analysis. The analysis was based on the results of drain discharge and water table depth measurements. Measurements were carried out on the experimental field. Three different drainage treatments were set up with three different drainage spacings such as 10 m, 20 m and 30 m. The results of analysis showed significant constraints of the method due to non-modeling dynamic of water flow to the drains. These effects are marked on the plot with the least drain spacing (10 m).Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže izvesna ograničenja primene metoda za određivanje rastojanja između drenova u nestacionarnom režimu filtracije na močvarno-glejnim zemljištima. Analiza je izvedena na primeru metode Glover-Dumm-a kao glavnog predstavnika ove grupe metoda, a na osnovu eksperimentalnih rezultata merenja drenažnog isticanja i dubine nivoa podzemnih voda na drenažnom sistemu sa tri varijante rastojanja između drenova: 10, 20 i 30 metara. Metode primenljive u uslovima nestacionarnog režima filtracije podrazumevaju da doticaja osim merenog, dakle padavina ili navodnjavanja, nema. S obzirom da močvarno-glejno zemljište obiluje podzemnim vodama, postoje doticaji koji nisu obuhvaćeni niti kroz padavine, niti kroz navodnjavanje. Metoda Glover-Dumm-a smanjenje dubine podzemnih voda pokušava da obrazloži fiktivnim, većim rastojanjem između drenova. Poređenjem podataka o dubini podzemne vode dobijenih računskim putem i podataka dobijenih merenjem uočava se da i jedni i drugi podaci podležu eksponencijalnoj regresiji, ali da su koeficijenti značajno različiti. Naime, na svim varijantama merenja računski su dobijene vrednosti koeficijenta reakcije a koje su višestruko veće od koeficijenata regresionih krivih sekvence merenja. Na svim izdvojenim segmentima uočljivo je mnogo blaže opadanje regresione linije nego što to sračunava metoda. Ova osobina pokazaće se kao veliko ograničenje u primeni, jer zahteva egzaktno merenje i poznavanje svih doticaja. U sistemima sa većim međudrenskim rastojanjima efekat nemodelirane dinamike doticaja ima manje uticaja, te se metoda pod izvesnim ograničenjima može sa vise uspeha primenjivati

Odvodnjavanje zemljišta usklađeno sa očuvanjem životne sredine

Needs for fertile soils for intensive agriculture production is surely current issue in one side and care for environmental change due to the drainage in another one. Income increment obtained on reclaimed (drained) soil and environmental protection are contradictory demand. To satisfy both sides, the solution should be a compromise among lands area that could be drained and those ones that could be partly drained or not drained at all. The aim of this work was to suggest technical solution of drainage for the field "Orlača" which should be a compromise between two demands: sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. According to the thoroughgoing review of the drainage problem (source of sufficient amount of water, duration of ponding, type of soil, soil fertility and suitability for agriculture) and existence of low protected flora and fauna as well as presence of economically valuable plants and animals, is suggested not to drain a great part of area (> 50 %). Old canal network should be kept and rebuilt in order to maintain suitable water regime of the soil suitable for agriculture production. .Primena odvodnjavanja svojim efektima neminovno vodi promeni prirodnih uslova sredine. Potreba za plodnim zemljištima na kojima je moguće ostvariti visoke prinose u budućnosti će i dalje biti aktuelna. S obzirom da su povećanje dohotka s jedne strane i očuvanje biljnog i životinjskog sveta s druge kontradiktorni zahtevi, jasno je da rešenje treba tražiti u kompromisnom izboru površina koje će se odvodnjavati. Krajnji cilj ovoga rada je da se na primeru projektnog područja "Orlača" predloži kompromisno tehničko rešenje koje obezbeđuje kako održivi razvoj poljoprivrede, tako i očuvanje prirodnih eko-sistema. Na osnovu sveobuhvatnog sagledavanja problematike (uslova prevlaživanja, tipova zemljišta, pogodnosti zemljišta za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju, postojanje zakonom zaštićene, i ekonomski vredne flore i faune) predloženo je da se ukinu novoprojektovani kanali, tako da se značajan deo površine ne odvodnjava (> 50 %). Zadržala bi se i rekonstruisala samo postojeća kanalska mreža čiji bi zadatak bio održavanje povoljnog vodnog režima zemljišta na području pogodnom za ratarsku proizvodnju.

Modeliranje zavisnosti dubine podzemnih voda od padavina na dreniranim područjima

Modeling of ground water table depth response to precipitation was based on data obtained from the drainage field Radmilovac near Belgrade. Drainage field was consisted of drainage treatment I and II representing drain spacing of L;=l0 m and L2= 30 m, respectively. For the modeling of stochastic process, moving average model (MA) was used. Assuming that rank of the model n was known, estimation of the MA parameters was carried out. Obtained data were used for calculation of the criterion J. Then, criterion J response to parameter n was plotted. Obtained values range from 1 to 35. Starting from the lower value of the parameter n and by increasing it gradually value of the criterion was significantly reducing until the moment when further increment had neglected influence. Plateau of the function was established on n=27 and this value can be assumed for the responding rank of the model. Such a great rank of the model could be explained by the lowest topography of the drainage field regarding the whole catchments area, to whom surface and groundwater runoff gravitate. The value of the mean square error was significantly lower on the drainage treatment I with narrower drain spacing (L/=10m). Logically, groundwater table depth cannot response to precipitation simultaneously. Therefore, certain delay caused by filtration characteristics of the soil was assumed to be in the range from 0 to 5 days in order to estimate its influence on value of the criterion 7. However, results show that assumption of significant delay on groundwater depth variation is not sustainable. Assuming the rank value of the model and rank of the delay (n=27, d=0) theirs responses to groundwater table depths above the drains (h) both by measurement and by model estimation are represented. Mainly, MA model can be used for multistage prediction of the process consequence y (groundwater table depth) based on the measurement of the process cause x (precipitation).U radu je izvršeno modeliranje zavisnosti dubine podzemne vode od padavina na dreniranom području na kome su rastojanja između drenova 10 i 30 m. U cilju modeliranja stohastičkih procesa koji su u ovom radu od interesa upotrebljen je MA (Moving Average) model. Pretpostavljeno je da je red modela n poznat procenjeni su parametri tako usvojenog MA modela i sračunata je vrednost kriterijuma. Zatim je skicirana zavisnost kriterijuma J od vrednosti parametra n koji se kretao u opsegu od 1 do 35. Polazeći od malih vrednosti parametra n i njegovim postepenim povećavanjem vrednost kriterijuma značajno smanjuje sve do trenutka kada se daljim povećavanjem efekat na kriterijumu ne vidi. Plato funkcije se uspostavlja na n=27, i ova vrednost se može usvojiti za odgovarajući red modela. Ovako veliki red modela može se objasniti topografskim položajem dreniranog područja, ka kome gravitiraju vode sa okolnih viših terena. Vrednost srednje kvadratne greške značajno manja za drenažni sistem za manjim međudrenskim rastojanjem (L;=10m) Logično je očekivati da padavine ne utiču na nivo podzemnih voda momentalno, već da postoji izvesno kašnjenje, uslovljeno filtracionim karakteristikama zemljišta, pa je u analizu uvedeno kašnjenje 0-5 dana da bi se procenilo koliko ono utiče na vrednost kriterijuma /. Međutim, rezultati pokazuju da pretpostavka o značajnom uticaju kašnjenja na promenu nivoa podzemnih voda nije održiva. Za vrednosti koje su usvojene kao red modela i red kašnjenja (n=27, d=0) prikazane su vrednosti visine vode iznad drena (h), i to vrednosti dobijene merenjem i vrednosti koje sračunava model. Ovako dobijen MA model se prvenstveno može iskoristiti za višekoračnu predikciju procesa posledice y (nivo podzemnih voda) na osnovu merenja procesa uzroka x (padavine)

Primena standardizovanog indeksa padavina za određivanje pojava suficita i deficita vode na području Surčinskog donjeg polja

The Surčin plane is very important both for agriculture and for water supply Agricultural production is constrained by water shortage, water excess, or soil salinity. For better planning of the maintenance and planning further developments of irrigation and drainage systems, problems such as drought or water excess occurrence must be analyzed, to assess the intensity of drought and its impact on field crop yields. The objective of this endeavor is to determine the intensity and frequency of occurrence of drought and water excess on the Surcin low land, by making use of the Theory of runs Standardized precipitation index (SPI), and Recognition of Drought Indices (RDI). The application of the method of runs has shown that droughts periods were very short (a season or two), with a calculated cumulative deficit of 130 mm of water for the period of vegetation, and 82 mm and 63 mm for the cold period of the year; in consequence, the intensity of drought could not be determined. The SPI method indicated a clearly cyclic nature of precipitation in the region. Drought occurred only during 7 vegetation seasons out of the 55 analyzed, and very severe drought only 5 times randomly distributed. In the cold period of the year drought came about 8 times, of which 3 times severe ones. The results showed that there were more wet seasons than droughts (4 times in the vegetation seasons and 11 times in the cold period of year), yet few of them were extremely wet. Results by RDI are very similar to those ones obtained by SPI. Analysis showed that more threat could come from water excess than from drought. In conclusion, the maintenance of drainage canals should get priority over that of the ones for irrigation. Further development of field crop irrigation must be economically justified.Surčinsko donje polje ima veliki značaj sa aspekta poljoprivrede i vodosnabdevanja. Na njemu se javljaju mnogi problemi vezani za vode i zemljište. U cilju boljeg planiranja razvoja melioracija kao i redovnog održavanja potrebno je sa više aspekata analizirati učestalost sušnog perioda, intenzitet suše, uticaj suše na smanjenje prinosa. Cilj ovoga rada je da se primenom metoda nizova, standardizovanog indeksa padavina (SPI) i indeksa suše (RDI) utvrdi intenzitet i učestalost suše na Surčinskom donjem polju. Primenom teorije nizova utvrđeno je da je trajanje suše veoma kratkotrajno (1 do 2 sezone) a kumulativni deficit iznosi 130 mm za vegetacioni period, i 82 i 63 mm za vanvegetacioni period. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata nije bilo osnove za određivanje intenziteta suše. Standardizovani indeks padavina jasnije pokazuje cikličnost kišnog odnosno sušnog perioda. Suša se javlja samo u toku 7 vegetacionih sezona od 55 analiziranih a jaka suša samo 5 puta i to veoma neregularno. U van-vegetacionom periodu suša se javila 8 puta, a jaka suša 3 puta. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se javljaju i veoma prevlažene godine. U vegetacionom periodu osmotrene su 4 vrlo vlažne sezone, a u vanvegetacionom čak 11 vlažnih sezona od kojih 3 veoma vlažne. Ako se analiziraju sve osmotrene godine, može se primetiti da ima više vlažnih od sušnih godina i u vegetacionom i u vanvegetacionom periodu. Rezultati dobijeni primenom RD indeksa jasno ukazuju da postoji značajna veza između padavina i potencijalne evapotranspiracije jer se trendovi podudaraju sa standardizovanim indeksom padavina. Veći broj kišnih perioda ukazuje da održavanje drenažnih kanala ima prioritetan značaj u melioracijama, dok izgradnja sistema za navodnjavanje za ratarske useve mora da bude opravdana ekonomskom analizom

Effect of irrigation regime and application of kaolin on yield, quality and water use efficiency of tomato

Modern agriculture is faced with two tasks: (1) to produce enough food for a growing global population, and (2) to ensure satisfactory crop quality while using water resources efficiently. A study of the effect of kaolin on the yield, quality and water use efficiency of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), grown under different irrigation regimes, is reported in the paper. The research was conducted in an open field with carbonate chernozem soil, at Stara Pazova (40 km north of Belgrade, Serbia). It lasted for three years (2011, 2012, and 2013). The experimental setup was a two-factorial, completely random block system, with three replications. The first factor was the irrigation regime and the second the application of kaolin. Two irrigation treatments were studied: (a) full irrigation (F), covering 100% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration), and (b) deficit irrigation (D) at 50% of ETc. The kaolin treatments were: (a) control treatment, without kaolin (C) and treatment with a 5% suspension of kaolin (K). On average, the highest fresh tomato fruit yields were achieved under full irrigation, with kaolin (FK) (21.0 kg m(-2)). The FK treatment also resulted in the greatest dry weight of the fruits (1.1 kg m(-2)). The average fruit weight was rather uniform and ranged from 71.7 g with DC to 75.4 g with DK. The average sugar and lycopene content was quite uniform over the study period, while the irrigation regime had a significant effect on the average organic acid content and total antioxidant activity. Deficit irrigation treatments resulted in a higher organic acid content and higher total antioxidant activity than full irrigation. The application of kaolin had a greater effect of the water use efficiency of tomato than the irrigation treatment.This is the peer-reviewed version of Djurović, N., Ćosić, M., Stričević, R., Savić, S.,& Domazet, M.. (2016). Effect of irrigation regime and application of kaolin on yield, quality and water use efficiency of tomato. in Scientia Horticulturae Elsevier, Amsterdam., 201, 271-278. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.02.017 conv_5711

Effect of water stress on yield and evapotranspiration of sunflower

An experiment was conducted at Rimski Šančevi Experiment Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad during 2000 - 2005. The soil in the experimental plot was calcareous chernozem on loess terrace. Using the yield response factor (ky), the study investigated how sunflower yield and evapotranspiration were affected by deficit of available soil water during the growing season. The experiment consisted of an irrigated treatment (T1), in which irrigation was used when soil moisture levels dropped to 60-65% of FC (field capacity), and a nonirrigated control treatment (T0). The sunflower hybrid used in the study was NS-H-111. On average, no significant differences in yield level were observed between T1 (3.79 t ha-1) and T0 (3.75 t ha-1) treatments. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ETm) obtained in T1 treatment was in the 402-479 mm range. The yield response factor (ky) was obtained as 0.20 for total growing season and 0.27, 0.31 and 0.48 for vegetative, flowering and yield formation period, respectively. Period from flowering to maturity was the most sensitive towards water deficiency