Uticaj dodavanja zeolita na kvalitet silaža sveže lucerke

The influence of natural zeolite addition on chemical composition and quality of silages was investigated. Lucerne was ensiled with and without technologically processed natural zeolite (Min-A-Zel, product of ITNMS Belgrade) in the amounts of 80, 400 and 2000 g per 100 kg of fresh lucerne (with approximately 250 g/kg dry matter). Ensiling was done immediately after harvesting or after 24 hours (two factorial experiment 4 x 2). Second part of the experiment (alter 24 hours) was done to investigate the additional contamination of lucerne with aerial microorganisms. The results of the investigations show that addition of the technologically processed natural zeolite while lucerne ensiling enhances the fermentation intensity and results in the increase in acetic acid production with the lower pH values and more favorable ratio of lactic to total acids. The influence of mentioned doses of zeolite on chemical composition was less pronounced and is mostly relative. The only real changes were the increase of dry matter content and of the mineral content. According to DLG method the control silage was ranked as III quality class, silages with lowest and medium doses of zeolite in II quality class and silage with maximal dose of zeolite in 1 quality class.U ogledu je ispitivan uticaj dodavanja prirodnog zeolita na hemijski sastav i kvalitet silaža lucerke. Lucerka je silirana bez i sa dodatkom tehnološki obrađenog prirodnog zeolita (pod nazivom Min-A-Zel, proizvod ITNMS -Beograd) u količini od 80, 400 i 2000 g na 100 kg sveže lucerke (sa oko 250 g/kg suve materije). Siliranje lucerke je obavljeno odmah po košenju i posle 24 sata (dvofaktorijalni eksperiment, 4 x 2). Drugi deo eksperimenta (posle 24 sata) izveden je u cilju dodatne kontaminacije lucerke mikroorganizmima iz vazduha. Rezultati obavljenih istraživanja pokazuju da dodavanje tehnološki obrađenog prirodnog zeolita pri siliranju lucerke doprinosi intenziviranju fermentacije i povećanju produkcije mlečne kiseline, uz postizanje nižih pH vrednosti i povoljnijeg odnosa mlečne prema ukupnim kiselinama. Uticaj navedenih doza zeolita na standardni hemijski sastav je bio manji, i pretežno je relativnog karaktera. Jedine realne promene su povećanje stepena suve materije i povećanje količine mineralnog ostatka. Prema DLG metodi kontrolna silaža je svrstana u III klasu kvaliteta, silaže sa nižom i srednjom dozom zeolita u II klasu, a silaža sa maksimalnom dozom zeolita u I klasu kvaliteta

Primena kukuruzne prekrupe pri siliranju lucerke, ježevice i njihove smeše

One of the solutions for the economical use of alfalfa and cocksfoot is making the silage. However, these plant species are difficult to be conserved without appropriate additives. The aim of this study was to determine the impact addition of cornmeal on the quality of silage of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Kruševačka 22, cocksfoot (Dactilys glomerata L.) cv. Kruševačka 40 and their mixture (50% alfalfa, 50% cocksfoot). Mowing both species was carried out at the stage when 1/3 to 1/5 of the plants were in flowering in alfalfa or in stage appearance of inflorescence with cocksfoot. Corn grain is ground at the mill with a sieve ø 2 mm, then mixed with chopped fodder of alfalfa, cocksfoot and the mixture in the following amount: 6% (treatment A2), 3% (treatment A1), and without cornmeal addition (control A0). After six months was determined silage quality. Cornmeal addition, according to the basic indicators of the quality of silage had a significant impact on changing the quality silage of alfalfa, cocksfoot and their mixtures. It is evident that the addition cornmeal addition a significant impact on increasing the energy value (primarily the content inside BEM) of silage in all studied treatments.Jedno od rešenja za ekonomično korišćenje lucerke i ježevice je spravljanje silaže. Međutim ove biljne vrste se teško mogu konzervisati bez odgovarajućih dodataka. Cilj ovih ispitivanja bio je određivanje uticaja kukuruzne prekrupe na kvalitet silaže od lucerke, ježevice i njihove smeše (50% lucerka, 50% ježevica). Ispitivanje je sprovedeno na krmi: lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) sorte Kruševačka 22, ježevice (Dactilys glomerata L.) sorte Kruševačka 40 i njihove smeše (50% lucerka i 50% ježevica). Košenje obe vrste obavljeno je u fazi kada je 1/3 do 1/5 biljaka bilo u cvetu kod lucerke odnosno u klasanju kod ježevice. Kukuruzno zrno je mleveno na mlinu sa sitima ø 2 mm, zatim je mešano sa seckanom krmom lucerke, ježevice i smeše u količini: 6% (tretman A2), 3% (tretman A1), i bez prekrupe (kontrola A0). Nakon šest meseci utvrđen je kvalitet silaže. Dodatak kukuruzne prekrupe je prema osnovnim pokazateljima kvaliteta silaža imao značajan uticaj na promenu kvaliteta silaže lucerke ježevice i smeše. Evidentno je da dodavanje kukuruzne prekrupe značajno utiče na povećanje energetske vrednosti (pre svega sadržaja BEM) u silaži svih ispitivanih vrsta

Revegetation of ski runs in Serbia: Case studies of Mts. Stara Planina and Divčibare

Revegetation is the most sustainable method of soil stabilization at ski runs. In order to establish a stable plant community, it is recommended to use native species. However, non-native species are most often used. In this paper the revegetation of ski runs at two ski resorts is investigated: Divčibare and Stara Planina. Seven species were used for the revegetation of the ski run at the Divčibare ski resort of which six species were native. Six species were used for the revegetation of the Stara Planina ski resort, of which two species were native. It was established that the plant species used in the seed mixtures were suitable for erosion control at the investigated ski resorts

CROP WEEDS DETECTION USING NEURAL NETWORK MODELS

Weeds are one of the most important factors affecting agricultural production. Environmental pollution caused by the application of herbicides over the entire agricultural land surface is becoming more and more obvious. Accurately distinguishing crops from weeds by machines and achieving precise treatment of only weed species is one possibility to reduce the use of herbicides. However, precise treatment depends on the precise identification and location of weeds and cultivated plants. The aim of the work was to describe and point out the importance of deep learning models for the detection and classification of weeds, in order to enhance their application in real conditions.Publishe

Quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) mixture silages depending on the share in the mixture and additives

Alfalfa silage has a high potential for improving ruminant nutrition. A problem that frequently occurs during its preparation is the process of proteolysis, which could partially be avoided with the use of certain techniques and materials. Red clover, often used in form of silage, expresses weaker proteolysis due to the possession of certain chemical compounds. This research was conducted to study the effects of ensiled alfalfa and red clover mixtures, mixed at different ratios (100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100), as well as the influence of additives – two doses of oak tannin extract (6 g kg-1 DM and 12 g kg-1 DM) and bacterial inoculant (Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus plantarum, and Bacillus brevis) on fermentation parameters and protein fractions of the silages. The treatments which contained any of the used percentages of red clover, as well as the ones which received the higher dose of oak tannin (12 g kg-1 DM), reduced the ammonia nitrogen content, which is one of the main indicators of proteolysis. On the other hand, considering non-protein nitrogen, as another of the indicators of proteolysis, there was no positive sign of the contribution of red clover to the reduction of proteolysis in alfalfa, and neither there was a significant impact of additives that were applied in this experiment

Uticaj gustine useva i ishrane azotom na dužinu klipa, broj redova zrna i apsolutnu masu zrna kukuruza

The effects of the crop density and nitrogen rates on the ear length, number of kernel rows and the 1000-kernel weight were observed in this study. The four-replicate tow-year experiment was set up according to the completely randomized block design on the chernozem type of soil that had been intensively fertilized intensively by organic and mineral fertilisers for many years. The study encompassed the four nitrogen rates (90-240 kg ha-1) and four crop densities (49,300-75,200 plants ha-1). The obtained results show that the 1000-kernel weight, as well as, the ear length, mostly declined by the increase of both crop density and nitrogen rates (up to a certain level). The increasing crop densities and applied nitrogen rates did not affect the number of kernel rows.Istraživan je uticaj gustine useva i količine azota na dužinu klipa, broj redova i apsolutnu masu zrna kukuruza. Ogled je izveden na černozemu dugo godina intenzivno đubrenim organskim i mineralnim đubrivima po blok sistemu sa potpuno slučajnim rasporedom varijanti u četiri ponavljanja. Istraživanja su trajala dve godine, a obuhvaćena su četiri nivoa azota (90-240 kg/ha) i četiri gustine useva (49.300-75.200 biljaka po hektaru). Rezultati dvogodišnjih istraživanja pokazuju da sa povećanjem gustine, vrednosti apsolutne mase i dužine klipa uglavnom opadaju, a sa povećanjem količine azota blago rastu do određene granice. Na broj redova zrna uticaj rastućih gustina i dodatog azota nema uticaja

Effect of liming on grain yield of field peas

Growing field pea for grain and forage is an integral part of the livestock development strategy, due to its importance as a good source of protein in improving milk and meat production. This is of particular relevance to livestock producers in Central Serbia who experience problems in alfalfa production on acidic soils. As a legume, field pea also plays a valuable role in crop rotations. More recently, field pea has been used as an important crop in organic and sustainable farming systems. Under non-irrigated conditions, grain yield of spring pea cvs. 'NS-Junior' and 'Javor' was evaluated in 2011 and 2012 on an acidic soil receiving amendment applications. A field trial was established in Čačak (43°54'39.06" N, 20°19'10.21" E, 246 m a.s.l.) on an alluvial soil acid in reaction (pH H2O 4.8). The experimental field was fertilized with 300 kg ha-1 N 15 P 15 K 15. The treatments used included an unfertilized control and liming at 3t ha-1 and 6t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Plot size was 5m 2 (1x5m). In both years, the average grain yield of CV. 'NS-Javor' was significantly higher than in CV. 'Junior'. No significant differences were observed between the control and the lime treatments. Grain yield in both years was significantly below the genetic potential of the cultivars tested, mostly due to deficient rainfall and severe soil and air drought conditions

Productivity of natural grassland of the order Arrhenatheretalia depending on nitrogen fertilization level

Natural grasslands are major animal feed resources in the moutainous region of Serbia. Proper use of mineral fertilizers in these grasslands can lead to a multiple increase in productivity. The paper analyzes the effect of NPK fertilizers with different levels of nitrogen (unfertilized - A0; N60:P40:K40 - A1; N100:P40:K40 - A2; N140:P40:K40 - A3) on forage yield and botanical composition of natural grassland of the Arrhenatheretalia order on the slopes of Mount Kopaonik. With the increase of the amount of nitrogen applied in spring from 40 to 80 kg ha-1, forage and hay yields also increased, whereas further increase innitrogen quantity to 120 kg ha-1 resulted in the absence of the increasing yield trend. In the second cut, there were lower forage and hay yields compared to the first cut. A total of 50 different plant species of 44 genera and 20 families were identified on the grassland. In both cuts, in all fertilized treatments, the grass percentage was significantly higher than the control. The percentage of legumes in the first cut was low, while it significantly decreased in the second crop with the increase in the level of fertilizer. The percentage of other plants was higher in the second cut, as compared to the first one, and it significantly decreased in both cuts with the increase in fertilizer rate

Effect of Liming on Grain Yield of Field Peas

Growing field pea for grain and forage is an integral part of the livestock development strategy, due to its importance as a good source of protein in improving milk and meat production. This is of particular relevance to livestock producers in Central Serbia who experience problems in alfalfa production on acidic soils. As a legume, field pea also plays a valuable role in crop rotations. More recently, field pea has been used as an important crop in organic and sustainable farming systems. Under non-irrigated conditions, grain yield of spring pea cvs. ‘NS-Junior’ and ‘Javor’ was evaluated in 2011 and 2012 on an acidic soil receiving amendment applications. A field trial was established in Čačak (43°54'39.06" N, 20°19'10.21" E, 246 m a.s.l.) on an alluvial soil acid in reaction (pHH2O 4.8). The experimental field was fertilized with 300 kg ha-1 N15P15K15. The treatments used included an unfertilized control and liming at 3t ha-1 and 6t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Plot size was 5m2 (1x5m). In both years, the average grain yield of cv. ‘NS-Javor’ was significantly higher than in cv. ‘Junior’. No significant differences were observed between the control and the lime treatments.  Grain yield in both years was significantly below the genetic potential of the cultivars tested, mostly due to deficient rainfall and severe soil and air drought conditions

Forage yield of a grass-clover mixture on an acid soil in the third year after soil liming

Soil acidity is one of the most common reasons for low yields of forage crops. This paper analyzes the long-term effect of liming (control - without CaO; 3 t*ha-1 CaO; 6 t*ha-1 CaO) applied to an acid soil (pHH2O 4.8) before stand establishment on the productivity of a mixture of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and tall oat grass (Arrhenatherum elatius L.) during the third year of production. Soil liming significantly increased hay yields in the first and second cuts by 17-25% and 46%, respectively, which resulted from an increase in the total yield and dry matter content of forage. In the third cut, soil liming had no effect on forage and hay yields due to the lower amount of precipitation in the second part of the growing season. Both lime application rates led to a significant reduction in the percentage of red clover in the first and second cuts, thus favoring the percentage of tall oat grass. In the third cut, only the percentage of weeds was lower in both lime treatments, as it decreased by more than 55% compared to the control