Analyse und Evaluation der Wirkung des Doppler-Effekts auf verschiedene Modulationsverfahren der gängigen Funktechnik

Die Popularität der drahtlosen Datenübertragung wächst, seit dem der Standard 802.11 im Jahr 1997 vom Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) für die private Nutzung ausgegeben wurde, stetig an. Hierbei beschränken sich die meisten Anwendungen auf das Wesentliche: die Übertragung von Nutzdaten zwischen einem Access Point und verschiedenen Endgeräten. Der konventionelle Weg der Datenverarbeitung in drahtlosen Netzwerk-Modulen sieht vor, dass zunächst digitale Daten in analogen Verfahren moduliert werden. Nach der Übertragung als elektromagnetische Welle, werden die analogen Daten wieder von eingebetteten Systemen in einen digitalen Datenstrom übersetzt und zum Weiterverarbeiten weitergereicht. Durch die steigende Rechenleistung von Computern gibt es auch andere Wege der Übertragung. Mit der Idee, den Datenstrom nicht analog weiterzuverarbeiten, sondern ihn in digitaler Form zu modulieren oder zu demodulieren entstanden die ersten ‚Software-Radios‘. Zu Beginn der drahtlosen Ära wurden Software-Radios zum Beispiel dazu genutzt, um Sicherheitslücken in Wi-Fi Übertragungen zu finden. Heutzutage finden Software-Radios immer mehr Anwendungen in wissenschaftlichen Bereichen abseits der üblichen Datenübertragung. Als alternative Vorreiter gelten die Arbeiten der Universität Washington „Whole-Home Gesture Recognition Using Wireless Signals“ (Quifan et al., 2013a) und die des Massachusetts Institute of Technology „See Through Walls with Wi-Fi“ (Adib F. and Katabi D., 2013). Die erst genannte Anwendung beruht auf der Theorie des Doppler-Effekts für elektromagnetische Wellen und zeigt auf, dass es möglich ist, die Übertragungsverfahren des IEEE 802.11 zu überwachen und Bewegungen nahe den Antennen zu erfassen. Die Zweite zeigt auf, dass ähnliche Ergebnisse auch ohne den Doppler-Effekt sondern nur durch die gemessenen Reflexionen von Signalen erreicht werden können. Die Möglichkeiten dieser Techniken reichen von einer Gestensteuerung, die ohne zusätzliche Sensoren am Menschen auskommt, bis zum Visualisieren von Bewegungen hinter Wänden. Der Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist grundliegende Problematiken der Detektion des Doppler-Effekts in digitalen Modulationen aufzuzeigen. Hierfür werden Grundlagen der Empfangstechnik erläutert. Weiterhin wird der Einsatz aktueller Grafikkarten in Software-Radios zur Detektion des Doppler-Effekts untersucht

Die Rolle der Beobachtung im Astronomie-Unterricht - Eine Schulbuchanalyse -

In einer Schulbuchanalyse wurde in sieben gängigen Schulbüchern der Anteil an Abbildungen untersucht, welche astronomische Beobachtungen und authentische Beobachtungsergebnisse darstellen. Gerade der Anteil an quantitativen Beobachtungsergebnissen ist dabei in allen Büchern verschwindend gering. Diese Tatsache wird im Rahmen theoretischer Überlegungen über die Bedeutung der Beobachtung für den astronomischen Erkenntnisprozess und für den Astronomie-Unterricht diskutiert. Am Beispiel des zweiten keplerschen Gesetzes wird die Einbeziehung astronomischer Beobachtungsdaten in den Oberstufenunterricht exemplarisch aufgezeigt

Die Rolle der Beobachtung im Astronomie-Unterricht - Eine Schulbuchanalyse -

In einer Schulbuchanalyse wurde in sieben gängigen Schulbüchern der Anteil an Abbildungen untersucht, welche astronomische Beobachtungen und authentische Beobachtungsergebnisse darstellen. Gerade der Anteil an quantitativen Beobachtungsergebnissen ist dabei in allen Büchern verschwindend gering. Diese Tatsache wird im Rahmen theoretischer Überlegungen über die Bedeutung der Beobachtung für den astronomischen Erkenntnisprozess und für den Astronomie-Unterricht diskutiert. Am Beispiel des zweiten keplerschen Gesetzes wird die Einbeziehung astronomischer Beobachtungsdaten in den Oberstufenunterricht exemplarisch aufgezeigt

A Control Flow based Static Analysis of GRAFCET using Abstract Interpretation

The graphical modeling language GRAFCET is used as a formal specification language in industrial control design. This paper proposes a static analysis approach based on the control flow of GRAFCET using abstract interpretation to allow verification on specification level. GRAFCET has different elements leading to concurrent behavior, which in general results in a large state space. To get precise results and reduce the state space, we propose an analysis suitable for GRAFCET instances without concurrent behavior. We point out how to check for the absence of concurrency and present a flow-sensitive analysis for these GRAFCET instances. The proposed approach is evaluated on an industrial-sized example.Comment: \c{opyright} 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other work

Unambiguous Interpretation of IEC 60848 GRAFCET based on a Literature Review

IEC 60848 GRAFCET is a standardized, graphical specification language for control functions. Because of the semiformal nature of IEC 60848, the details of specifications created with GRAFCET can be interpreted in different ways, possibly leading to faulty implementations. These ambiguities have been partially addressed in existing literature, but solved in different manners. Based on a literature review, this work aims at providing an overview of existing interpretations and, based on that, proposes a comprehensive interpretation algorithm for IEC 60848, which takes all relevant ambiguities from the literature review into account.Comment: Submitted to ETFA 2

The Membrane Transporter OAT7 (SLC22A9) Is Not a Susceptibility Factor for Osteoporosis in Europeans

Bone production, maintenance, and modeling are a well-balanced process involving mineralization by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Sex steroid hormones, including their conjugated forms, contribute majorly to maintaining this balance. Recently, variants in the SLC22A9 gene have been associated with osteoporosis in Korean females. We had recently shown that SLC22A9, encoding organic anion transporter 7 (OAT7), is an uptake transporter of estrone sulfate and identified several genetic variants in Europeans leading to functional consequences in vitro. We therefore hypothesized that SLC22A9 genetic variants may contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in Europeans. To test this hypothesis, we examined the associations of SLC22A9 variants with bone quality, fractures, and bone turnover markers. We genotyped SLC22A9 variants in 5,701 (2,930 female) subjects (age range, 20–93 years) extracted from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP and SHIP-TREND) covered by the Illumina Infinium HumanExome BeadChip version v1.0 (Exome Chip). Descriptive data (e.g., history of fractures), ultrasonography of the calcaneus, as well as serum concentrations of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, and vitamin D were determined. Comprehensive statistical analyses revealed no association between low-frequency and rare SLC22A9 variants and bone quality, fractures, and bone turnover markers. Our results indicate that single genetic SLC22A9 variants do not have a major impact on osteoporosis risk prediction in Europeans, yet findings need to be replicated in larger-scale studies

Expression of CD56 isoforms in primary and relapsed adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCTs) are sex cord stromal tumors of unpredictable behaviour. Up to now, the prediction of the relapsing/malignant potential remains difficult. CD56 (NCAM) in GCTs was previously described in only two studies. However, the expression of its isoforms was not examined.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>30 GCTs (16 primaries, 14 relapses) were investigated immunohistochemically with antibodies against Pan-CD56 (CD56^Pan) and the isoform with 140/180 kDa length (CD56^{140/180 kDa}). The reaction was assessed with respect to percentage of positive cells and intensity of staining.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In all GCTs, CD56^Panwas expressed, but differences were found between primaries and relapses. The percentage of CD56^Panpositive tumor cells was lower in relapses, whereas CD56^{140/180 kDa}showed a higher staining intensity in the latter.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Expression of CD56 is an additional sensitive and helpful immunohistochemical tool for histopathologists diagnosing a GCT. It does not seem possible to provide a validly individual risk assessement. However, the different expression of CD56 isoforms might indicate important changes in the course to a more malignant behaviour.</p

Acute physical exercise improves shifting in adolescents at school: evidence for a dopaminergic contribution

The executive function of shifting between mental sets demands cognitive flexibility. Based on evidence that physical exercise fostered cognition, we tested whether acute physical exercise can improve shifting in an unselected sample of adolescents. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed to gain more insight into possibly contributing neurophysiological processes. We examined 297 students aged between 13 and 17 years in their schools. Physical exercise was manipulated by an intense incremental exercise condition using bicycle ergometers and a control condition which involved watching an infotainment cartoon while sitting calm. The order of conditions was counterbalanced between participants. Shifting was assessed by a switching task after both conditions. Acute intense physical exercise significantly improved shifting as indicated by reduced switch costs. Exercise-induced performance gains in switch costs were predicted by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) targeting the Dopamine Transporter (DAT1/SLCA6A3) gene suggesting that the brain dopamine system contributed to the effect. The results demonstrate the potential of acute physical exercise to improve cognitive flexibility in adolescents. The field conditions of the present approach suggest applications in schools

Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hinzke, T., Kleiner, M., Meister, M., Schlueter, R., Hentschker, C., Pane-Farre, J., Hildebrandt, P., Felbeck, H., Sievert, S. M., Bonn, F., Voelker, U., Becher, D., Schweder, T., & Markert, S. Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis. Elife, 10, (2021): e58371, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.58371.The hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila hosts a single 16S rRNA phylotype of intracellular sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, which vary considerably in cell morphology and exhibit a remarkable degree of physiological diversity and redundancy, even in the same host. To elucidate whether multiple metabolic routes are employed in the same cells or rather in distinct symbiont subpopulations, we enriched symbionts according to cell size by density gradient centrifugation. Metaproteomic analysis, microscopy, and flow cytometry strongly suggest that Riftia symbiont cells of different sizes represent metabolically dissimilar stages of a physiological differentiation process: While small symbionts actively divide and may establish cellular symbiont-host interaction, large symbionts apparently do not divide, but still replicate DNA, leading to DNA endoreduplication. Moreover, in large symbionts, carbon fixation and biomass production seem to be metabolic priorities. We propose that this division of labor between smaller and larger symbionts benefits the productivity of the symbiosis as a whole.This work was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (grant MA 6346/2–1 to SM), fellowships of the Institute of Marine Biotechnology Greifswald (TH, MM), a German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) grant (TH), the NC State Chancellor’s Faculty Excellence Program Cluster on Microbiomes and Complex Microbial Communities (MK), the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project 1014212 (MK), the U.S. National Science Foundation (grants OCE-1131095 and OCE-1559198 to SMS), and The WHOI Investment in Science Fund (to SMS). We furthermore acknowledge support for article processing charges from the DFG (Grant 393148499) and the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Greifswald

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW FIELD AND DOWNSTREAM SURFACE TEMPERATURES OF CYLINDRICAL AND DIFFUSER SHAPED FILM COOLING HOLES

An experimental and numerical study of the flow field and the downstream film cooling performance of cylindrical and dif