Expression of Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight and Grain Mold in A\u3csub\u3e1\u3c/sub\u3e and A\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Cytoplasms of \u3ci\u3eSorghum bicolor\u3c/i\u3e

Panicle diseases are among the major constraints to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) production in the northern Great Plains; host plant resistance is the primary management option. However, essentially all commercial sorghum hybrids contain A1 cytoplasm, which raises the concern about increased disease risk as a result of cytoplasmic genetic uniformity. To determine the influence of cytoplasmic background on the expression of susceptibility to panicle diseases, F1 hybrids with four nuclear genotypes in each of two cytoplasms (A1 and A2) were planted in three environmentally diverse geographic locations in Nebraska. Fusarium head blight ranged in incidence from 13 to 100% across locations. Grain mold, caused primarily by species of Alternaria, Fusarium, and Cladosporium, ranged in incidence from 5 to 100% across locations. There was a significant effect of nuclear genotype on the incidence and severity of both head blight and grain mold across the three locations. Cytoplasm had no effect on head blight incidence or severity, or on grain mold severity. Cytoplasm had a significant effect on grain mold incidence, with A1 exhibiting slightly lower incidence than A2 (64 versus 70%). Although the cytoplasm effect for grain mold incidence was statistically significant, most of the variation in grain mold incidence was attributable to nuclear genotype. The slight increase in grain mold incidence attributable to A2 cytoplasm should be overcome easily by selection of nuclear genotypes with grain mold resistance. The use of A2 cytoplasm to incorporate genetic diversity into grain sorghum hybrids should not increase the risk of head blight or grain mold in commercial grain production

Expression of Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight and Grain Mold in A\u3csub\u3e1\u3c/sub\u3e and A\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Cytoplasms of \u3ci\u3eSorghum bicolor\u3c/i\u3e

Panicle diseases are among the major constraints to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) production in the northern Great Plains; host plant resistance is the primary management option. However, essentially all commercial sorghum hybrids contain A1 cytoplasm, which raises the concern about increased disease risk as a result of cytoplasmic genetic uniformity. To determine the influence of cytoplasmic background on the expression of susceptibility to panicle diseases, F1 hybrids with four nuclear genotypes in each of two cytoplasms (A1 and A2) were planted in three environmentally diverse geographic locations in Nebraska. Fusarium head blight ranged in incidence from 13 to 100% across locations. Grain mold, caused primarily by species of Alternaria, Fusarium, and Cladosporium, ranged in incidence from 5 to 100% across locations. There was a significant effect of nuclear genotype on the incidence and severity of both head blight and grain mold across the three locations. Cytoplasm had no effect on head blight incidence or severity, or on grain mold severity. Cytoplasm had a significant effect on grain mold incidence, with A1 exhibiting slightly lower incidence than A2 (64 versus 70%). Although the cytoplasm effect for grain mold incidence was statistically significant, most of the variation in grain mold incidence was attributable to nuclear genotype. The slight increase in grain mold incidence attributable to A2 cytoplasm should be overcome easily by selection of nuclear genotypes with grain mold resistance. The use of A2 cytoplasm to incorporate genetic diversity into grain sorghum hybrids should not increase the risk of head blight or grain mold in commercial grain production

EC03-1884 Wheat Disease Profiles I

This two-page, 4-color extension circular covers the disease and symptoms of wheat in Nebraska. The diseases listed are: barley yellow dwarf, soil-borne wheat mosaic, wheat streak mosaic, leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, tan spot, septoria leaf blotch, common root rot, crown rot, Fusarium head blight (scab)

EC03-1884 Wheat Disease Profiles I

This two-page, 4-color extension circular covers the disease and symptoms of wheat in Nebraska. The diseases listed are: barley yellow dwarf, soil-borne wheat mosaic, wheat streak mosaic, leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, tan spot, septoria leaf blotch, common root rot, crown rot, Fusarium head blight (scab)

EC02-1883 Corn Disease Profiles

This two-page, four-color extension circular covers the many diseases of corn in Nebraska. It list and describes corn diseases such as: anthracnose, common smut, bacterial stalk rot and top rot, holcus spot, Stewart\u27s Wilt, Goss\u27s bacterial wilt and blight, common rust, southern rust, and gray leaf rust

Liposomal delivery of p-ialB and p-omp25 DNA vaccines improves immunogenicity but fails to provide full protection against B. melitensis challenge

BACKGROUND: We have previously demonstrated protective efficacy against B. melitensis using formulations of naked DNA vaccines encoding genes ialB and omp25. The present study was undertaken to further understand the immune response generated by the protective vaccination regimens and to evaluate cationic liposome adsorption as a delivery method to improve vaccine utility. METHODS: The protective efficacy and immunogenicity of vaccines delivered as four doses of naked DNA, a single dose of naked DNA or a single dose of DNA surface adsorbed to cationic liposomes were compared using the BALB/c murine infection model of B. melitensis. Antigen-specific T cells and antibody responses were compared between the various formulations. RESULTS: The four dose vaccination strategy was confirmed to be protective against B. melitensis challenge. The immune response elicited by the various vaccines was found to be dependent upon both the antigen and the delivery strategy, with the IalB antigen favouring CD4+ T cell priming and Omp25 antigen favouring CD8+. Delivery of the p-ialB construct as a lipoplex improved antibody generation in comparison to the equivalent quantity of naked DNA. Delivery of p-omp25 as a lipoplex altered the profile of responsive T cells from CD8+ to CD4+ dominated. Under these conditions neither candidate delivered by single dose naked DNA or lipoplex vaccination methods was able to produce a robust protective effect. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery of the p-omp25 and p-ialB DNA vaccine candidates as a lipoplex was able to enhance antibody production and effect CD4+ T cell priming, but was insufficient to promote protection from a single dose of either vaccine. The enhancement of immunogenicity by lipoplex delivery is a promising step toward improving the practicality of these two candidate vaccines, and suggests that this lipoplex formulation may be of value in situations where improvements to CD4+ responses are required. However, in the case of Brucella vaccine development it is suggested that further modifications to the candidate vaccines and delivery strategies will be required in order to deliver sustained protection

Representations of sport in the revolutionary socialist press in Britain, 1988–2012

This paper considers how sport presents a dualism to those on the far left of the political spectrum. A long-standing, passionate debate has existed on the contradictory role played by sport, polarised between those who reject it as a bourgeois capitalist plague and those who argue for its reclamation and reformation. A case study is offered of a political party that has consistently used revolutionary Marxism as the basis for its activity and how this party, the largest in Britain, addresses sport in its publications. The study draws on empirical data to illustrate this debate by reporting findings from three socialist publications. When sport did feature it was often in relation to high profile sporting events with a critical tone adopted and typically focused on issues of commodification, exploitation and alienation of athletes and supporters. However, readers’ letters, printed in the same publications, revealed how this interpretation was not universally accepted, thus illustrating the contradictory nature of sport for those on the far left

EC02-179 Managing Livestock Manure to Protect Environmental Quality

This book covers the land application part of manure management. With increasing regulations, the livestock producer needs to understand the scientific principles that affect manure transformations and how to use these principles to manage the manure for maximum fertilizer value with minimal environmental impact. Improved land application of manure is one part of the solution, but we suggest that the producer evaluate the quantity of nutrients arriving on the farm as feed, animals, and fertilizer compared to the total that is exported. Achieving a nutrient balance will reduce potential environmental hazards often associated with animal agriculture

918-7 Limitations of Percutaneous Interventions in the Treatment of Bifurcation Lesions Involving the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Serious complications may occur when intervention is unsuccessful in bifurcation lesions involving the left anterior descending (LAD) and first major diagonal (D), because of the large amount of involved myocardium. To determine this complication rate, we reviewed 82 consecutive cases, over a 3 year period, in which these lesions were attempted. Sixty-six percent of the subjects were male, and 37% had unstable angina. The mean age was 59 and the mean ejection fraction was 56%. Digital calipers were used to measure vessel minimum lumen (MLD) and reference diameters. For the LAD the final MLD was 1.81mm and for the 0 1.32mm. The final percent mean diameter stenoses for the LAD and D were 41% and 45%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the rates of success or complication between groups treated with angioplasty only (N=68) or directional atherectomy (N=14). The in-hospital event-free success rate was 55%. The in-hospital complication rates were:Recurrent Ischemia16%Ventricular Tachycardia2%Myocardial Infarction14%Stroke2%Bypass Surgery12%Death1%Repeat Procedure4%Composite34%ConclusionLAD bifurcation lesion intervention is associated with a high in-hospital complication rate. Since these lesions are not amenable to stent placement or atherectomy with simultaneous protection of both vessels, these cases should be carefully evaluated before intervention, and bypass surgery should be considered as a treatment option

Fingerprinting the Substrate Specificity of M1 and M17 Aminopeptidases of Human Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of human malaria, expresses two aminopeptidases, PfM1AAP and PfM17LAP, critical to generating a free amino acid pool used by the intraerythrocytic stage of the parasite for proteins synthesis, growth and development. These exopeptidases are potential targets for the development of a new class of anti-malaria drugs.To define the substrate specificity of recombinant forms of these two malaria aminopeptidases we used a new library consisting of 61 fluorogenic substrates derived both from natural and unnatural amino acids. We obtained a detailed substrate fingerprint for recombinant forms of the enzymes revealing that PfM1AAP exhibits a very broad substrate tolerance, capable of efficiently hydrolyzing neutral and basic amino acids, while PfM17LAP has narrower substrate specificity and preferentially cleaves bulky, hydrophobic amino acids. The substrate library was also exploited to profile the activity of the native aminopeptidases in soluble cell lysates of P. falciparum malaria.This data showed that PfM1AAP and PfM17LAP are responsible for majority of the aminopeptidase activity in these extracts. These studies provide specific substrate and mechanistic information important for understanding the function of these aminopeptidases and could be exploited in the design of new inhibitors to specifically target these for anti-malaria treatment