Nutrition and supplementation in football - practical guidelines based on current literature review

It is said that football matches are the second most important thing in the world. Football is currently one of the most popular sports and brings record numbers of people together in stadiums and in front of TV sets. For many years, players were allowed to consume the products they preferred at the times they subjectively deemed appropriate. However, today's soccer has evolved due to self-improvement and players following elite athletes. This change in approach to the sport has coincided with an increase in the pace and intensity of top soccer games over the past two decades. In addition, the commercialization of the sport has resulted in increasing demands and continually increasing the level of sportsmanship. Nutrition is an important part of the sports training program. International guidelines, based on scientific research, recommend amounts, types and timing of food intake to ensure excellent training while reducing injuries and trauma. In order to achieve metabolic optimization, there must be a balance between nutrition, training, and recovery. Energy should be provided from optimal sources, and maintaining an adequate energy balance is critical for those who engage in physical activity, especially professional athletes. Supplements and foodstuffs for special nutritional purposes are widely used, so knowledge of the indications for their use, as well as the risks posed by inappropriate use, is essential

A review of current knowledge regarding insulin resistance among the pediatric population

One of the key roles in maintaining the body's homeostasis is played by insulin. The presence of insulin receptors in almost all cells of the body reflects the importance of this hormone. Insulin resistance is a state of impaired glucose homeostasis resulting from a decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, despite normal or elevated serum levels. The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge on the pathogenesis, risk factors, and diagnosis of insulin resistance at developmental age

Sensory quality of selected natural yoghurts available on the Polish market

Introduction: The fermented milk drinks include: yogurt, kefir, fermented milk, acidophilic milk, koumiss and new generation dairy products. The high nutrient content of yogurt is related to the composition of the milk it is made of. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the sensory quality of selected natural yoghurts available on the Polish market.Material and methods: The research material consisted of 8 natural yoghurts available on the Polish market. Natural yoghurts were purchased in supermarkets in the Silesian Voivodeship. The intensity of the examined features (color, taste, smell, consistency, general appearance) was assessed using a proprietary card for evaluation on a five-point scale (5 - very good quality, 1 - disqualifying quality). Results: The results of the sensory evaluation using the 5-point method: The highest mean was obtained by the yoghurt code: 125 - 4.34 (± 0.47) and the worst by the respondents was the yogurt with the code: 596 - 3.54 (± 0.77). The results of the sensory evaluation carried out by the scheduling method: the highest scores were obtained for natural yoghurts with the codes 133 and 189.Conclusions: The evaluation of the sensory quality of selected natural yoghurts carried out using the five-point method showed that the highest overall score was obtained by yogurt containing: milk, powdered milk, milk proteins, calcium, live cultures of yoghurt fermentation bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5® i Bifidobacterium BB-12®.The evaluation carried out by the ranking method showed that yoghurts with the following compositions were best evaluated by the respondents: milk, milk proteins, live yoghurt bacteria cultures and milk, live bacteria cultures, selected lactic acid strains of Bifidobacterium BB-12®, 0% fat.The lowest score of respondents in the sensory evaluation with the use of both methods was obtained by natural yoghurt with the following composition: milk, live bacteria cultures

Possibility of using sweeteners in the prevention of obesity development

Background. The problem of the 21st century both in Poland and around the world is overweight and obesity, and diabetes. Due to the increased incidence of these diseases, the consumption of intense sweeteners, which are used as substitutes for sucrose, has increased. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sweet taste intensity of selected sweeteners in comparison with the benchmark - beet sugar. Methods. The material for the study consisted of four sweeteners: sugar, xylitol, stevia, and cane sugar. The substances were subjected to dilution in an infusion of black tea. This tea was then divided into 4 portions and each portion was sweetened with a different sweetener at a rate of 20g per 1l of infusion. The samples were coded with 3-digit codes, and the paired method was used for sensory evaluation. A total of 78 people participated in the study. Results. Differences in the intensity of sweet taste between beet sugar and the substitutes used were confirmed. Cane sugar and xylitol were characterized by a lower intensity of sweet taste, but these substitutes were preferred compared to beet sugar. Stevia is characterized by greater sweetness than beet sugar, while survey respondents strongly preferred beet sugar. Conclusions. Consumers, participating in the survey, prefer products with a less intensely sweet taste. Learning about consumers' preferences for sweet taste will allow the use of appropriately preferred substances in the production of food and dishes. This will have a positive effect on the sugar content of the daily ration and its overall consumption

Eating Habits of Football Players Training in Sports Clubs in the Żywiec District

Background. Football is one of the most popular sports at both amateur and professional levels. The discipline is constantly evolving. At the same time, an increase in physiological demands can be observed. Players are exposed to significant energy expenditure. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure an adequate level of nutrition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diet and eating habits of football players training in sports clubs in the Żywiec district. Methods. The survey was conducted among football players who were players of football clubs in the Żywiec district. Only men were considered, and the study group consisted of 205 athletes. A questionnaire, which was made available as an electronic form, was used to obtain the results. The questionnaire used questions from the KomPAN questionnaire and the author's questions, which accounted for the bulk of the 35 questions. Results. The dietary quality of football players from the Żywiec district was found to be low. This is noticeable in the diet used on a daily basis, as well as considering nutrition around training or matches. Conclusions. Poor nutrition quality involves many aspects that require attention. This applies to both the frequency of consumption of certain foods and the eating habits practiced. Attention should be paid to improving match-day and training-day nutrition. Nutrition education in clubs should be emphasized

Analysis of localisation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow of the rat : possible relationship with innervations

Piątek Małgorzata, Polaniak Renata, Tabarowski Zbigniew, Staśkiewicz Wiktoria, Kiciak Agata, Grajek Mateusz. Analysis of localisation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow of the rat- possible relationship with innervations. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):479-492. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.049 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.049 https://zenodo.org/record/6828868 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.06.2022. Revised: 22.06.2022. Accepted: 13.07.2022. ANALYSIS OF LOCALISATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES IN THE BONE MARROW OF THE RAT- POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP WITH INNERVATIONS Małgorzata Piątek1, Renata Polaniak1*, Zbigniew Tabarowski2, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz3, Agata Kiciak3, Mateusz Grajek4 1Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 2Department of Experimental Hematology, Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Poland 3Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 4Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland *Correspondence: Renata Polaniak, PhD; Jordana 19, 41808 Zabrze (Poland); [email protected] ABSTRACT Within the bone marrow, megakaryocytes thrive in an environment rich in numerous growth factors that influences their development, maturation, and may play a role in signaling the start of platelet production. Up to now, experiments concerning localisation of various populations of cells in rat bone marrow showed their certain relationship to the blood vessels. There are strikingly few reliable sources of information available in the literature that confirm the relationship between the localisation of these cells in connection to nerve fibers. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to examine if megakaryocytes are located in a defined relation to sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers. The study used immature 6 weeks rats of the Wistar breed of both sexes. The animals were kept under constant lighting conditions (12 hours light-dark cycle) and temperature, and had unrestricted access to water and food (standard laboratory rodent feed).Double immunostaining method was applied with usage of secondary antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes (Cy3 and DTAF) to identify cells. The antibody against CD42d was used to immunolocalise megakaryocytes, while in order to identify the distribution of nerves, antibodies anti-NPY (for detection sympathetic nerve fibers) and anti-PGP 9.5 (sensory nerve fibers) were applied. These findings showed the presence of megakaryocyte and megakaryoblastic cells which were distributed with a close relationship to the blood vessels but some of them were located in parenchyma. It was shown that NPY-positive and PGP 9.5-positive cells were present in the vicinity of blood cells. Furthermore, some megakaryocytes were located near PGP 9.5-labelled cells. The relationship between sympathetic nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y and megakaryocytes was also detected. The presence of megakaryocytes with a close vicinity of nerve fibers suggests the influence of the released neurotransmitters on the location of the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. KEYWORDS: megakaryocytes, platelets, bone marrow, innervation, neuropeptide Y, PGP 9.

Assessment of sensory preference and frequency of carbohydrate bar consumption by physically active people

Introduction: Active lifestyles are causing an increase in interest directed toward foods, many athletes use specially formulated food products that concentrate large amounts of nutrients in a small volume, while also being easily digestible and quickly absorbed. The main objective of the study was to compare selected commercially available products prepared for physically active people with those prepared based on proprietary recipes and natural, commonly available ingredients. Material and method: The material used in the comparative study was energy bars from three sources: popular market bars from the leading manufacturers in the Polish market and available in most grocery stores, specialized bars, and bars made according to the author's recipe in imitation of the above snacks using natural ingredients.  The evaluation of the use of supplements was based on the author's survey questionnaire on consumer preferences and frequency of consumption of carbohydrate products, using energy bars as an example. Results: Bars prepared according to the author's recipe received scores of 2 and 3 for taste and texture and scores of 1 and 2 for the input of basic raw materials. Evaluation of the use of supplements was carried out in a group of 147 people, the study group was dominated by people who train in cycling and running. About 65% of the respondents declared that they use energy bars. Among those who use energy bars, the largest number of respondents declared that they use specialty bars (20%), 15% of respondents use market bars and 8% make the bars themselves. Conclusions: The results of the sensory evaluation of bars prepared according to the author's recipe indicate the need to modify their composition, especially in terms of improving the texture. Carbohydrate supplements are used by respondents, especially if it is justified in the case of practicing endurance and endurance sports characterized by high intensity of training, i.e. cycling and running

Effect of elimination diets on the functioning of children with autism in the opinion of parents

Introduction.  The autism spectrum disorder is more and more common in the world and is diagnosed in the early years of childhood. This disorder is impossible to cure, so parents are increasingly looking for the best therapies for their children. The most popular are the use of elimination diets, including gluten-free and casein-free diet. Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of 95 people: 68 women and 27 men. The Cole index was used to assess the nutritional status of children with ASD. Taking into account the interpretation, it can be concluded that almost half of children with ASD have a normal nutritional status.There are 65 children with ASD who  have complaints of impaired gastrointestinal function, the most common symptoms are gas, constipation, bloating and abdominal pain. Results.  The most common and popular of the alternative treatment support methods for a child with ASD used by parents are elimination diets. Among the most commonly used can be a diet that is either casein-free, gluten-free, sugar-free, or a diet with elimination of specific ingredients. In our study, we found that there is a significant relationship between the use of an appropriate nutritional strategy and improved digestive functioning in a child with ASD. Conclusions. Based on the results, it was concluded that there is a significant correlation between the use of a gluten-free diet and / or a non-dairy diet, and the improvement in the functioning of the digestive system, quality of life and behavior of children with autism. According to the subjective opinion of parents, a gluten-free and dairy-free diet improves the quality of life and behavior of a child with ASD

Nutritional knowledge and nutritional status of the recreationally active population

Introduction. Adequate nutrition combined with physical activity is the foundation of a healthy lifestyle. Recreational sportspersons should know how to adjust their nutrition to physical activity in order to benefit their health. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of recreationally active people and to assess the influence of BMI and gender on the level of nutritional knowledge. Material and methods. The study was conducted with the use of 200 participants aged 15-55 years living in the city of Katowice. The respondents were physically active at least 3 times a week for at least 1 hour. Nutritional knowledge was assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed by means of the BMI index, and for its assessment, the ranges recommended by the World Health Organization were adopted. Results. Most of the respondents - 33.5% (n=77) declared that they practiced weight training, 15.5% (n=31) attended group fitness classes, 14.5% (n=29) practiced running, fewer people practiced team sports and cycling. The nutrition knowledge of the majority of the respondents was at a sufficient level (n=136), 44 respondents had good nutrition knowledge and 22 respondents had insufficient nutrition knowledge. None of the respondents had very good nutrition knowledge. More than 70% of respondents had normal BMI (n=142), more than 25% (n=51) were overweight, and 7 subjects had BMI values below normal. Conclusions. There was no relationship between gender, BMI, and level of nutritional knowledge. The study shows that there is a need for nutritional education for recreational sportsmen

Glucoside-3-cyanidin (Cy3G) and its importance in cancer therapy

When analyzing the structure of cancer incidence in Poland, it is extremely important to take chemopreventive actions as early as possible, which are aimed at reducing the incidence of the most common cancers, focusing on the prevention and use of natural bioactive factors contained in food. Anthocyanins are a large group of ingredients contained in plants that do not have a nutritional function, but play a significant role in the regulation of metabolic processes in the human body, which has a multidirectional pro-health and preventive effect in relation to many diseases, especially cancer. High hopes in chemoprevention are associated with the biological activity of the most common representative of anthocyanins, i.e. cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G). Most of the studies on Cy3G bioactivity come mainly from in vitro cell line tests and in vivo experimental studies on rodents. Studies of the biological activity of Cy3G most often include: the process of free radical absorption, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, insulinotropic, antimicrobial, chemotherapeutic and epigenetic effects. This publication summarizes the results of in vitro studies conducted on various cancer cell lines, which prove the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activity of Cy3G