Incidence of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens in Guava and Banana in Allahabad

A survey was conducted to study incidence of pathogens associated with post-harvest losses in fruits in produce from fruit markets of Allahabad. Rhizopus stolonifer (20.76%) was a major post-harvest pathogen isolated from the samples, followed by Pestalotia psidii (18.46%), Alternaria sp. (17.69%), Penicillium expansum (11.53%), Colletotrichum gloesporioides (10.76%), Aspergillus niger (9.23%), Tricothecium sp (8.46%), and Cladosporium sp. (4%) in Guava, and, Fusarium sp. (28.3%) Curvularia (23.39%), Colletotrichum musae (16.6%), Trichothecium sp (11.6), Penicillium (10.8%), Alternaria (5%) and Rhizopus (4%) in banana fruit samples

Case report on interstitial pregnancy in a post adenomyomectomy woman

Intramural pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy with early diagnosis essential for prevention of severe hemorrhage and uterine rupture. We report a rare case of an interstitial ectopic pregnancy at 09 weeks gestation in a woman 3 year post laparoscopic adenomyomectomy. 3D transvaginal ultrasound was utilized as diagnostic aids in this case. Due to the size and location of the gestational sac, and early diagnosis made this case undergo conservative surgical management saving her uterus for future pregnancy

Cyber Crimes and Phishing Attacks

This overview gives the basic introduction of cyber laws and phishing attacks, defines the terms used in the indus try and research field, outline the detail of cyber laws and architecture of prevention from phishing. It provides a brief summary of anti - phishing and provides a good foundation for understanding the effects and prevention of phishin

Experimental study on the performance of microwave assisted Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pretreatment of rice straw

Biofuels are essentials as they can provide impending substitute for fossil fuels.  Rice straw has gained much attention from researchers because of its usability as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production.  Pre-treatments are crucial for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.  In this study, combination of microwave and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is employed for the delignification of rice straw.  The Response surface methodology is used to optimize the pretreatment conditions with respect to H2O2 concentration, microwave power and irradiation time.  Under optimum conditions, maximum reducing sugar obtained through microwave assisted H2O2 is 1,453.64 µg/mL.  The chemical and morphological analysis ascertained that the surface of the samples treated with microwave assisted H2O2 was more ruptured and has a significantly high crystalline index (63.64%) than untreated rice straw sample (52.2%).  Microwave assisted H2O2 pre-treatmentdisrupted the silicon waxy structure and broken down allether linkages between lignin and carbohydrates and thus, efficiently remove lignin.  The present study proves that microwave assisted H2O2 is an effective pretreatment technique for the conversion of rice straw into bioethanol production by enhancing enzymatic saccharification.   Keywords: pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, rice straw, biofuel, microwave, hydrogen peroxid

TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE AND SODIUM VALPROATE-INDUCED TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS: A CASE SERIES

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and serious but life-threatening dermolytic cutaneous reaction characterized by diffuse and severe exfoliation and destruction of the epidermis of skin and mucosa due to immunological damage of the epidermis which can bring about sepsis and respiratory distress. Drugs are the most common inflicting agents in the generation of TEN. Among drugs, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and sulfa-drugs are common causes of TEN. Valproate is one of the most common drugs prescribed for epilepsy, was found as causative agent in TEN in very few cases. Among sulfonamides, sulfamethoxazole is commonly used antibiotic which can cause TEN. The evidence-based treatment guidelines are lacking, so the best approach is to recognize and evade potential risk factors and to deliver intensive supportive care immediately to reduce morbidity and mortality. The aim of this case series is to focus on valproate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)-induced TEN, which are commonly used drugs. Here, we present a case series of TEN inflicted by TMP-SMX and sodium valproate in a 23-year-old female and 10-year-old boy, respectively, with successful recovery

Prescribing pattern of drugs in sick newborn care unit in a tertiary care hospital, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India

Background: Sick Newborn Care Unit (SNCU) is meant to reduce the case fatality among sick newborns. Although it has been shown that patterns of drug utilization in SNCU are changing dynamically, current data on drug utilization patterns in SNCU is limited. This study was done to find out drug utilization pattern in newborn admitted at SNCU.Methods: This prospective observational drug utilization study was carried out in SNCU of Government Medical College and Hospital, Haldwani (Uttrakhand). The pattern of drug use in 206 sick newborn admitted at SNCU was assessed.Results: 75.25% sick newborns were in early neonatal period and 63.11% sick newborns were male. 33.98% sick newborn were preterm and mean±SD of weight of sick newborn was 2.16±0.6kg. Neonatal sepsis was commonest reason for admission followed by birth asphyxia . Three or more drugs (average 2.35drug/ Range 3-9 drug) were given to 52.91% new born and two drugs were given to 40.78% new born. Commonest route of drug administration was intravenous (97.08%), followed by intramuscular (72.82%), followed by orally (13.59%) and 11.65% new born received drug by inhalation. Most frequently used drugs in SNCU were antibiotics (Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Cefotaxime). Only two adverse drug reactions (mild rash by ampicillin and fever) were reported during study period. Out of 206 sick newborn, 18.93% died. Most common causes for death were respiratory distress syndrome (41.03%) followed by sepsis (23.08%) and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (17.95%).Conclusions: Antibiotics were of major concern in SNCU. The uncertainty regarding the choice of antibiotic can be minimized by periodic survey of etiological agent and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern

First trimester uterine rupture-a rare but catastrophic event: a case report

Uterine rupture is a rare but life threatening obstetrical emergency. It often occurs at term during trail of labour but rarely may occur during early pregnancy in first trimester. Here, we report a case of 28 years, G2P1+0L0 at 3 months of pregnancy with fundal rupture in shock with history of previous caesarean section. Ultrasound report revealed massive hemoperitoneum (2 litres) with dead fetus lying outside the uterine cavity. Emergency laparotomy was performed and uterine repair was done. The differential diagnosis for hemoperitoneum is early pregnancy includes bleeding corpus luteum, heterotropic pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy and molar pregnancy with secondary invasion. The possibility of uterine rupture should also be kept in mind. Prompt diagnosis and early management is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality

Comparative study of efficacy and safety of garenoxacin and moxifloxacin in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in COPD patients

Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in COPD (AECB) is the major cause of morbidity, mortality and marked reduction in quality of life and imposes significant burden on both patients and healthcare systems. Bacterial infections causing AECB frequently require antibacterial treatment, so more evidences are needed to guide better antibiotic choice. Objective of the study was planned to compare efficacy and safety of Garenoxacin, a new fluoroquinolone versus moxifloxacin for treatment of Acute exacerbation of Chronic bronchitis in COPD patient.Methods: This was a prospective open label comparative study done in department of pharmacology and T.B & Chest of Government Medical College attached Dr Shusila Tiwari Hospital, Haldwani. 60 subjects with clinical symptoms suggestive of Anthonisen type II AECOPD (any two of following criteria: Increased dyspnea, cough, sputum purulence) were enrolled and randomized to receive either Moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily for 7 days or Garenoxacin 400mg once daily for 7 days. The primary outcome measure was clinical success rate at day 7 visit. Secondary outcome measures were changes in clinical global impression (CGI) scales and incidence of adverse events.Results: The mean age of patient was 60.98±9.9 years and 57.9±9.3 years in the Moxifloxacin and Garenoxacin groups. The clinical success rates were comparable with 86.2% in moxifloxacin group 84.6% and in garenoxacin group. Adverse effects were mild and self limiting. We observed two adverse effects in garenoxacin and three in moxifloxacin group.Conclusions: The result of study showed that garenoxacin is comparable to moxifloxacin in terms of efficacy and safety

Prevalence and risk factors for group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant women in northern India

Background: Group B Streptococci are a constituent of the normal vaginal bacterial microflora. During pregnancy there are optimal conditions for GBS multiplication in the vagina, which may have serious consequences for both the mother and her child. Aims: To study the prevalence of Group B Streptococcal colonization in pregnant women in Eastern U.P and antibiogram of the isolates (GBS) with a view to determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance. Study design: Observational cross-sectional study.Methods: 300 pregnant women admitted at term gestation or with preterm labour were recruited in the study. Swabs were taken from the lower one third of vagina and the anorectal region and then placed in Todd-Hewitt Broth, an enrichment media for GBS and later subcultured on blood agar. It was then examined for beta haemolytic colonies. The Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare the two groups. P values 30 years, p3, p<0.03), and higher socioeconomic status (p<0.007). No significant association found between GBS colonization and level of education, urban/rural area and gestational age. Prevalence of GBS in PROM was 5.6% and in preterm labour 3.3%. All the isolates were sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to gentamicin.Conclusions: GBS colonization among pregnant women was significantly correlated with age, parity and socioeconomic status. In pregnancy GBS colonization can cause premature rupture of membranes and preterm labour.

Assessment of the effect of injection magnesium sulphate on fetal heart rate pattern in patients of eclampsia and preeclampsia

Background: To assess the effect of injection magnesium sulphate on fetal heart rate pattern in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia.Methods: This is a hospital-based prospective observational study. It was conducted in the Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur over period of one year from August 2014 to July 2015.Total 122 patients with diagnosis of severe preeclampsia and eclampsia who received injection MgSO4 were included in the study. Patients who delivered within 1 to 2 hrs of injection MgSO4, had pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, renal insufficiency, patients with recurrent convulsions not controlled by MgSO4 alone, fetus who had abnormal fetal heart rate pattern prior to administration of injection MgSO4, IUD baby, baby of gestetional age <28 weeks were excluded from the study. Fetal heart rate pattern tracings were taken by CTG machine before administration of injection magnesium sulphate. Injection magnesium sulphate was given according to Pritchard Regime. Fetal heart rate pattern after injection MgSO4 were compared with fetal heart rate pattern before injection magnesium sulphate regarding all four parameters fetal heart rate, variability, accelerations and deceleration.Results: Before injection magnesium sulphate mean fetal heart rate was 148.7 bpm+10.78. After 15 minutes mean fetal heart rate was 147.8 bpm+10.32.After 1hour, 2 hour and 4 hour of injection magnesium sulphate mean fetal heart rate was139.1 bpm+9.6,139.2 bpm+9.8 and 137 bpm+9.4 respectively which was statistically significant (p value <0.001). Only patients with good variability were included in the study. After 1 hour of injection magnesium sulphate 16.4%, after 2 hour 23% and after 4 hour 31.1 % developed poor variability i.e. <5. Before injection magnesium sulphate only 4% had no acceleration, after 15 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hour and 4 hour of injection magnesium sulphate 4.9%, 29.5%, 49% and 55% patients had no acceleration respectively. Before injection magnesium sulphate no patient had late deceleration. After 15 min only 2 patients had variable prolonged deceleration. After 1 hour, 2 hour and 4 hour 0%, 4.1% and 6.6% had late deceleration respectively.Conclusions: Maternal exposure to magnesium sulphate in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia is associated with persistent fall in baseline fetal heart rate by approximately 9-11 bpm which appeared at 1 hr of injection MgSO4 but it is within the accepted normal range (110 bpm - 160bpm). Statistically significant patients developed decreased beat to beat variability <5 after 1 hr of injection MgSO4. Statistically significant patients developed absent acceleration. Few patients developed late decelerations but it was not significant