A survey was conducted to study incidence of pathogens associated with post-harvest losses in fruits in produce from fruit markets of Allahabad. Rhizopus stolonifer (20.76%) was a major post-harvest pathogen isolated from the samples, followed by Pestalotia psidii (18.46%), Alternaria sp. (17.69%), Penicillium expansum (11.53%), Colletotrichum gloesporioides (10.76%), Aspergillus niger (9.23%), Tricothecium sp (8.46%), and Cladosporium sp. (4%) in Guava, and, Fusarium sp. (28.3%) Curvularia (23.39%), Colletotrichum musae (16.6%), Trichothecium sp (11.6), Penicillium (10.8%), Alternaria (5%) and Rhizopus (4%) in banana fruit samples

Lal, Abhilasha A

Srivastava, Renu

English

Journal of Horticultural Sciences

India ranks second in production and area underbanana (after mango) over an acreage of 600.3 millionhectares and annual production of 20857.8 tonnes. In UttarPradesh, the acreage is 1.6 million hectares and annualproduction is 57.1 million tonnes. Similarly, guava (Psidiumguajava L.) is an important fruit crop and ranks fourth inarea and production after mango, banana and citrus. Itsacreage is 178.7 million hectares and annual production is1856 million tonnes in India. In Uttar Pradesh, its acreage is15.8 million hectares and annual production is 162.8 milliontonnes (National Horticulture Board, 2008). Post harvestdiseases of guava and banana presents a peculiar problem.There is colossal wastage with our poor marketing and transitfacilities. The most important causal agents responsible forpost harvest diseases of guava and banana are fungi. Thesemicroorganisms attack fruits and cause considerable damageduring transit, storage and final transportation to the market.Around 90-100% fruits have been found to be infected withfungi, namely, Pestalotia psidii, Colletrotrichumgloeosporioides, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillusniger, during storage (Chaube and Pundhir, 2005).One hundred thirty and 120 diseased guava andbanana fruit samples were collected during summer seasonand rainy season from 13 and 12 different fruit markets,respectively of Allahabad (Table 1 and 2).  Fungal pathogenswere isolated from infected guava and banana fruits andShort communicationIncidence of post-harvest fungal pathogens in guava and banana in AllahabadRenu Srivastava and Abhilasha  A. LalDepartment of Plant ProtectionAllahabad Agricultural Institute – Deemed University Allahabad-211007, IndiaE-mail: Renu1srivastava@rediffmail.co.inABSTRACTA survey was conducted to study incidence of pathogens associated with post-harvest losses in fruits inproduce from fruit markets of Allahabad. Rhizopus stolonifer (20.76%) was a major post-harvest pathogen isolatedfrom the samples, followed by Pestalotia psidii (18.46%), Alternaria sp. (17.69%), Penicillium expansum (11.53%),Colletotrichum gloesporioides (10.76%), Aspergillus niger (9.23%), Tricothecium sp (8.46%), and Cladosporiumsp. (4%) in Guava, and, Fusarium sp. (28.3%) Curvularia (23.39%), Colletotrichum musae (16.6%), Trichotheciumsp (11.6), Penicillium (10.8%), Alternaria (5%) and Rhizopus (4%) in banana fruit samples.Key words:  Banana, guava, incidence, post- harvest lossesstored at ambient temperature ranging between 33–37± 2ºCwith 98% RH. Diseased portions of the fruit surface werecut into small pieces (2-3 mm) and surface-sterilized with0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 30 seconds.  Thesepieces were then washed thrice with sterilized distilled waterand aseptically transferred into clear, sterilized petri dishes(6mm dia) containing 85ml solidified potato dextrose agarmedium. The petri dishes were incubated in an invertedposition at 28°C for 4-5 days (Aneja, 2004).  Pathogencityof the cultures was tested on healthy, uninjured fruits ofuniform size. Fruits were surface-sterilized with 0.1%mercuric chloride solution.  Wounds were made in the fruitwith the help of a sterilized cork-borer (0.2 to 0.5 cm).  Thesewounds were inoculated with pathogen-containing sporeload (1x104 conidia / ml) as described by He et al (2003).The inoculated fruits were wrapped in sterilized paper andincubated at 28°C and observations were made fordevelopment of rot upto 10 days.Frequency (%) was calculated as per by Singh (2002) :Number of fruit samples infectedwith certain pathogensFrequency % = —————————————————x 100Total no. of fruit samples broughtfrom certain fruit marketJ. Hortl. Sci.Vol. 4 (1): 85-89, 200986Table 1.  Incidence of fungal pathogens associated with post-harvest diseases of guava in fruit markets of AllahabadSl. Location Pathogen No. of FrequencyNo. isolated samples tested (%)1. Naini Rhizopus stolonifer 3 20Pestalotia psidii 3 10Aspergillus niger 1 30Alternaria sp. 2 30Trichothecium 1 102. Chowk Rhizopus stolonifer 3 30Pestalotia psidii 3 30Alternaria sp. 1 10Aspergillus niger 3 303. Medical Chauraha Rhizopus stolonifer 2 20Penicillium expansum 1 10Alternaria sp. 2 20Pestalotia psidii 2 20Trichothecium sp. 2 20Cladosporium sp. 1 104. Mundara  Mandi Rhizopus stolonifer 2 20Colletotrichum 1 10gloeosporioidesPestalotia psidii 3 30Alternaria sp. 2 20Penicillium expansum 2 205. Gaughat Rhizopus stolonifer 3 30Colletotrichum 2 20gloeosporioidesAlternaria sp. 2 20Pestalotia psidii 3 306. Mahewa East Rhizopus stolonifer 3 30Alternaria sp. 3 30Penicillium expansum 2 20Trichothecium sp. 2 207. Katra Rhizopus stolonifer 2 20Alternaria sp. 1 10Pestalotia psidii 2 20Colletotrichum  gloeosporioides 1 10Penicillium expansum 2 20Aspergillus niger 2 208. Civil Lines Trichothecium sp. 2 20Aspergillus niger 2 20Pestalotia psidii 2 20Alternaria sp. 1 10Colletotrichum 3 30gloeosporioides9. Baluaghat Alternaria sp. 3 30Aspergillus niger 2 20Pestalotia psidii 1 10Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 2 20Trichothecium sp. 2 2010. Teliarganj Penicillium expansum 2 20Rhizospus stolonifer 2 20Alternaria sp. 2 20Colletotrichum 2 20gloeosporioidesPestalotia psidii 2 20J. Hortl. Sci.Vol. 4 (1): 85-89, 2009Renu Srivastava and Lal87Table 1.  Continued ............Sl. Location Pathogen isolated No. of FrequencyNo.  Samples tested      (%)11. Jhunsi Aspergillus niger 2       20Trichothecium sp. 1       10Pestalotia psidii 2       20Trichothecium sp. 1       10Alternaria sp. 2       20Colletotrichum 2       20gloeosporioides12. Muthiganj Rhizopus stolonifer 2       20Penicillium expansum 1       10Pestalotia psidii 2       20Trichothecium sp. 1       10Alternaria sp. 2       20Colletotrichum 2       20gloeosporioides13. Zero Road Rhizopus stolonifer 2       20Alternaria  sp. 2       20Pestalotia psidii 1       10Aspergillus niger 3       30Penicillium expansum 2       20Ten diseased guava fruit samples were collected from each locationTable 2. Overall incidence of fungal pathogens associated withpost-harvest diseases of guava in AllahabadSl. Pathogen Post-harvest No. of FrequencyNo.  isolated disease fruit  (%)infected1. Rhizopus stolonifer Soft watery rot 27 20.762. Pestolotia psidii Fruit canker 24 18.463. Alternaria sp. Fruit rot 23 17.694. Penicillium Penicillium rot 15 11.53expansum5. Colletotrichum Anthracnose 14 10.76gloeosporioides6. Aspergillus niger Aspergillus rot 12 9.237. Trichothecium sp. Trichothecium rot 11 8.468. Cladosporium Fruit rot 5 4.00Fungal pathogens isolated from fruits wereidentified as Pestalotia psidii, Rhizopus stolonifer,Aspergillus niger, Penicillium expansum, Trichotheciumspp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp.From the pathogencity  tests it was confirmed that cankerwas caused by Pestalotia psidii, soft rot caused by Rhizopusstolonifer, fruit rot caused by  Alternaria sp. andanthracnose by  Colletotrichum sp. in guava. Incidence ofvarious diseases in different fruit markets on guava ispresented in Table 1. Maximum disease incidence (30%) inguava was found in Naini, Chowk, Mundera Mandi, Gaught,Mahewa East, Mahewa west, Civil Lines, Baluaghat andZero Road, followed by 20% incidence in MedicalChouraha, Teliarganj, Jhunsi, Mutthiganj and Katra.Rhizopus stolonifer was isolated from guava collected fromall the fruit markets surveyed in Allahabad. Mean incidenceof post harvest fungal pathogens associated with guava fruitsin Allahabad was 18.4%. Rhizopus stolonifer was thedominant disease followed by Pestalotia psidii, Alternariasp., Penicillium expansum, Colletotrichumgloeosporioides, Aspergillus niger, Trichothecium sp. andCladosporium sp. (Table 2).Incidence of various diseases from different fruitmarkets in banana are presented in Table 3. Maximumdisease incidence of Fusarium sp. (36%) was found in ZeroRoad, Gaught, Naini East, Mahewa West, Jhunsi, MundaraMandi, Naini West, Chowk, Civil lines, Katra and MedicalChouraha followed by  Curvularia sp (24 – 36%) in ZeroRoad, Teliarganj, Gaught, Naini East, Mahewa west, Jhunsi,Mundara Mandi, Naini west, Chowk, Civil Lines, Katra andMedical Chouraha. Colletotrichum sp. and Penicillium sp.were found to be the next most serious post harvest diseaseson banana in Allahabad.  Mean incidence of post harvestfungal pathogen associated with banana fruits in Allahabadwas 17.1. Thus, Fusarium sp. was the major post-harvestpathogen isolated, followed by Curvularia sp.,Colletotrichum musae, Trichothecium sp.,  Penicilliumsp. and Alternaria sp.  (Table 4).Factors such as inoculum density, presence andconcentration of microbiotic components on fruit surface,physiological state of the fruit and interaction of thesefactors with temperature and relative humidity mayinfluence the incidence of fruit rot in Allahabad. Similiarfindings have been reported by Majumdar and Pathak (1989)from Jaipur. Incidence of Pestalotia psidii in guava andpost-harvest fungal pathogens in guava and bananaJ. Hortl. Sci.Vol. 4 (1): 85-89, 200988Table  3.  Incidence of fungal pathogens associated with post-harvest diseases of banana in fruit markets of AllahabadLocation Pathogen isolated No. of FrequencysamplestestedZero Road Fusarium sp. 3 36%Colletotrichum musae 2 24%Curvularia sp. 3 36%Alternaria alternata 1 12%Trichothecium sp. 1 12%Teliarganj Fusarium sp. 2 24%Curvularia sp. 2 24%Trichothecium sp. 2 24%Rhizopus sp. 2 24%Alternaria  alternata 2 24%Gaughat Fusarium sp. 3 36%Curvularia sp. 2 24%Alternaria  alternata 1 12%Trichothecium sp. 1 12%Penicillium sp. 2 24%Colletotrichum 1 12%Naini East Fusarium sp. 3 36%Curvularia sp. 1 12%Trichothecium sp. 1 12%Penicillium sp. 1 12%Alternaria 2 24%Colletotrichum 1 12%Mahewa Fusarium sp. 3 36%West Curvularia 2 24%Trichothecium 1 12%Penicillium 1 12%Colletotrichum 2 24%Rhizopus sp. 1 12%Jhunsi Fusarium sp. 3 36%Curvularia 2 24%Penicillium 1 12%Rhizopus sp. 1 12%Colletotrichum 2 24%Trichothecium 1 12%Mundara Fusarium sp. 3 36%Mandi Curvularia 2 24%Penicillium 2 24%Colletotrichum 2 24%Trichothecium 1 12%Naini West Fusarium sp. 3 36%Curvularia 2 24%Penicillium 2 24%Trichothecium 1 12%Colletotrichum 2 24%Chowk Fusarium sp. 3 36%Curvularia 3 36%Penicillium 1 12%Trichothecium 1 12%Colletotrichum 2 24%Civil Lines Fusarium sp. 3 36%Curvularia 3 36%Trichothecium 1 12%Colletotrichum 2 24%Penicillium 1 12%J. Hortl. Sci.Vol. 4 (1): 85-89, 2009Renu Srivastava and Lal89Table  3.  ContinuedLocation Pathogen isolated No. of FrequencysamplestestedKatra Fusarium sp. 3 36%Curvularia 3 36%Trichothecium 1 12%Colletotrichum 2 24%Penicillium 1 12%Medical Fusarium sp. 2 24%Chauraha Curvularia 3 36%Colletotrichum 2 24%Trichothecium 2 24%Penicillium 1 12%Ten diseased banana fruit samples were collected from eachlocation;120 samples from 12 fruit marketFusarium sp. in banana was found to be maximum.Therefore, in future, an intensive survey of the guava andbanana growing area of Allahabad should be carried out asthese are important fruit of this district. Information obtainedfrom this study can be effectively utilized to develop suitablepost-harvest management practices to increase the shelf-life of guava and banana.Table 4.  Overall incidence of fungal pathogens associated withpost-harvest diseases of  banana in AllahabadS. Pathogen Post-harvest No. of FrequencyNo. isolated disease fruitstested1. Fusaruim sp. Fruit rot 34 28.3%2. Curvularia sp. Fruit rot 28 23.3%3. Colletotrichum musae Crown rot 20 16.6%4. Trichothecium sp. Fruit rot 14 11.6%5. Penicillium expansum Penicillium rot 13 10.8%6. Alternaria alternata Alternaria rot 6 5.0%7. Rhizopus sp. Fruit rot 5 4.0%ReferencesAneja, K.R. 2004. Experiments in Microbiology, PlantPathology and Biotechnology (Fourth edition). NewAge International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi,pp. 437-450Chaube, H.S. and Pundhir, V.S. 2005. Crop diseases andtheir management. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi. India, pp. 641-642He, D., Zhang. X., Yin, Y. Sun, P., and Zhang, H. 2003.Yeast application controlling apple post-harvestdisease associated with Penicillium expansum. Bot.Bull. Acad. Sin., 44:211-216Majumdar, V. L. and Pathak, V.N. 1989. Incidence of majorpost-harvest diseases of guava fruits in Jaipurmarkets. Indian Phytopath., 42:469-470National Horticulture Board, 2008. The production andproductivity of fruits. Database, pp.1-4Singh, R.S. 2002. Introduction to principles of plant pathology.Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,(IV edition), pp. 290(MS Received 13 October 2008, Revised 12 February 2009)post-harvest fungal pathogens in guava and bananaJ. Hortl. Sci.Vol. 4 (1): 85-89, 2009

Incidence of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens in Guava and Banana in Allahabad

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Incidence of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens in Guava and Banana in Allahabad

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