IN VITRO IN VIVO STUDIES ON FLOATING MICROSPHERES FOR GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW

The purpose of writing this review on gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) was to compile the recent literature with a special focus on various gastroretentive approaches that have recently become leading methodologies in the field of site-specific orally administered controlled release drug delivery. One of the complex processes in the human body is gastric emptying, as it is highly variable, which makes the in vivo performance of the drug delivery systems uncertain. GRDDS has gained immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. It is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with the conventional oral delivery system. Conventional drug delivery systems may not overcome the issues imposed by the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) such as incomplete release of drugs, decrease in dose effectiveness, and frequent dose requirement. To overcome this variability, a controlled drug delivery system with a prolonged gastric residence time of >12 h in the stomach can be of great practical importance for drugs with an absorption window in the upper small intestine. GRDFs enable prolonged and continuous release of the drug to the upper part of the GIT and thus significantly extend the duration of drug release and improve the bioavailability of drugs that have a narrow therapeutic window; by this way, they prolong dosing interval and increase compliance

On the Inhibition of COVID-19 Protease by Indian Herbal Plants: An In Silico Investigation

COVID-19 has quickly spread across the globe, becoming a pandemic. This disease has a variable impact in different countries depending on their cultural norms, mitigation efforts and health infrastructure. In India, a majority of people rely upon traditional Indian medicine to treat human maladies due to less-cost, easier availability and without any side-effect. These medicines are made by herbal plants. This study aims to assess the Indian herbal plants in the pursuit of potential COVID-19 inhibitors using in silico approaches. We have considered 18 extracted compounds of 11 different species of these plants. Our calculated lipophilicity, aqueous solubility and binding affinity of the extracted compounds suggest that the inhibition potentials in the order; harsingar > aloe vera > giloy > turmeric > neem > ashwagandha > red onion > tulsi > cannabis > black pepper. On comparing the binding affinity with hydroxychloroquine, we note that the inhibition potentials of the extracts of harsingar, aloe vera and giloy are very promising. Therefore, we believe that these findings will open further possibilities and accelerate the works towards finding an antidote for this malady

Digital Media and Media literacy. An Analysis of the Contribution and Effect of social media in Media Literacy

In today’s digital world every one is significantly involved in consuming media content with their interest and intent. Now it is proven that most of the time we are accessing the media content through mobile phone or other handy devices through several applications and websites. According to one survey an average kindergartener can access 70 media messages everyday and teens are using one-third of the day in media messages.[1] India is world’s second-largest population and second-largest digital market which is growing drastically in both urban and rural areas. Now India has more than 500 million Internet users and over 450 million smartphone users and one in every three people is consuming video content online. Affordable and easy access to technology and the growth of regional language usage in media content is wonderfully mix the early and new Internet users, which make this market ripe for opportunity in digital media content.[2] India is a 2nd largest number of internet users in the world.[3] As a result a large number of population is shifting towards online and digital platform and it may possible that population is not that much media literate to analyze the critically think on the dissemination and consumption of media message. So this has become necessary to critically insight the term, types and effect of media literacy.Lattice Science Publication (LSP) © Copyright: All rights reserved

Observations of Multiple Surges Associated with Magnetic Activities in AR10484 on 25 October 2003

We present a multiwavelength study of recurrent surges observed in H{\alpha}, UV (SOHO/EIT) and Radio (Learmonth, Australia) from the super-active region NOAA 10484 on 25 October, 2003. Several bright structures visible in H{\alpha} and UV corresponding to subflares are also observed at the base of each surge. Type III bursts are triggered and RHESSI X-ray sources are evident with surge activity. The major surge consists of the bunches of ejective paths forming a fan-shape region with an angular size of (\approx 65\degree) during its maximum phase. The ejection speed reaches upto \sim200 km/s. The SOHO/MDI magnetograms reveal that a large dipole emerges east side of the active region on 18-20 October 2003, a few days before the surges. On October 25, 2003, the major sunspots were surrounded by "moat regions" with moving magnetic features (MMFs). Parasitic fragmented positive polarities were pushed by the ambient dispersion motion of the MMFs and annihilated with negative polarities at the borders of the moat region of the following spot to produce flares and surges. A topology analysis of the global Sun using PFSS shows that the fan structures visible in the EIT 171 A images follow magnetic field lines connecting the present AR to a preceding AR in the South East. Radio observations of type III bursts indicate that they are coincident with the surges, suggesting that magnetic reconnection is the driver mechanism. The magnetic energy released by reconnection is transformed into plasma heating and provides the kinetic energy for the ejections. A lack of a radio signature in the high corona suggests that the surges are confined to follow the closed field lines in the fans. We conclude that these cool surges may have some local heating effects in the closed loops, but probably play a minor role in global coronal heating and the surge material does not escape to the solar wind.Comment: Accepted for the Publication in ApJ; 25 pages, 10 Figures, and 1 Tabl

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST FILTERS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WATER POLLUTED WITH FOOD WASTE LEACHATE

This study investigates the efficacy of conventional and modified bio-sand filters as a low-cost filtering device for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with food waste leachate. Two kinds of waste materials, areca nut husk and water hyacinth stems, have been selected to alter the bio-sand filter. In conventional bio-sand filters, the ashes of these wastes are used as a filter medium. The ashes\u27 physical characteristics, such as pH, ash content, and moisture content, have been measured. In leachate polluted water and purified water, tests for total solids, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride content, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand have been performed. According to the testing findings, the developed filters are efficient in decreasing chloride, hardness, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand. The same filters have also detected an increase in dissolved oxygen. According to this study, these low-cost filters might be used as a preliminary treatment system for leachate created by food waste recycling plants

Effects of chlorpyrifos on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of Indian skipper frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

This study investigated effects of chlorpyrifos on ultimobranchial (UBG) and parathyroid glands (PTG) of frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Frogs were treated with chlorpyrifos for short and long term and sacrificed after 24, 48, 72 or 96 h in short term and after 5.10, 15 and 30 days in long term. Chlorpyrifos exposure provokes   decrease  in    serum  calcium  levels  after  48 h which persists till 96 h. There is slight decrease in the nuclear volume of UBG cells and  cytoplasm depict weak staining response after 72 h. After 96 h these changes are more pronounced. PTG of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis exposed to chlorpyrifos exhibit no change till 96 h. Serum calcium decreases on day 10 after chlorpyrifos exposure which continue to fall progressively till 30 days. After 15 days chloryrifos exposure, nuclear volume of UBG exhibit decrease and follicular epithelium displays decrease in height. Follicular epithelium after 30 days chlorpyrifos exposure reduces to the extent that it becomes single layered. Few degenerating cells have been discerned. At this interval nuclear volume of ultimobranchial cells exhibits a further decrease. PTG of chlorpyrifos treated frog depicts increased nuclear volume of PTG at 10 and 15 days. The nuclei of PTG are hyperchromatic and the gland becomes compact at 15 days. After 30 days following chlorpyrifos treatment nuclear volume exhibits further increase. Also degenerating cells make their appearance. Calcium regulating glands UBG and PTG of frogs were adversely affected by exposure to chlorpyrifos which may disturb the physiological functions of the organism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.400415