Self-stabilizing interval routing algorithm with low stretch factor

A compact routing scheme is a routing strategy which suggests routing tables that are space efficient compared to traditional all-pairs shortest path routing algorithms. An Interval Routing algorithm is a compact routing algorithm which uses a routing table at every node in which a set of destination addresses that use the same output port are grouped into intervals of consecutive addresses. Self-stabilization is a property by which a system is guaranteed to reach a legitimate state in a finite number of steps starting from any arbitrary state. A self-stabilizing Pivot Interval Routing (PIR) algorithm is proposed in this work. The PIR strategy allows routing along paths whose stretch factor is at most five, and whose average stretch factor is at most three with routing tables of size O(n3/2log 23/2n) bits in total, where n is the number of nodes in the network. Stretch factor is the maximum ratio taken over all source-destination pairs between the length of the paths computed by the routing algorithm and the distance between the source and the destination. PIR is also an Interval Routing Scheme (IRS) using at most 2n( 1+lnn)1/2 intervals per link for the weighted graphs and 3n(1+ lnn)1/2 intervals per link for the unweighted graphs. The preprocessing stage of the PIR algorithm consists of nodelabeling and arc-labeling functions. The nodelabeling function re-labels the nodes with unique integers so as to facilitate fewer number of intervals per arc. The arc-labeling is done in such a fashion that the message delivery protocol takes an optimal path if both the source and the destination are located within a particular range from each other and takes a near-optimal path if they are farther from each other

Development of a Universal MOSFET Gate Impedance Model

Scaling of CMOS technology to 100 nm & below and the endless pursuit of higher operating frequencies drive the need to accurately model effects that dominate at those feature sizes and frequencies. Current modeling techniques are frequency limited and require different models for different frequency ranges in order to achieve accuracy goals. In the foundry world, high frequency models are typically empirical in nature and significantly lag their low frequency counterparts in terms of availability. This tends to slow the adoption of new foundry technologies for high performance applications such as extremely high data rate serializer/deserializer transceiver cores. However, design cycle time and time to market while transitioning between technology nodes can be reduced by incorporating a reusable, industry-standard model. This work proposes such a model for device gate impedance that is simulator-friendly, compact, frequencyindependent, and relatively portable across technology nodes. This semi-empirical gate impedance model is based on depletion in the poly-silicon gate electrode. The effect of device length and single-leg width on the input impedance is studied with the aid of extensive measured data obtained from devices built in 110 nm and 180 nm technologies in the 1-20GHz frequency range. The measured data illustrates that the device input impedance has a non-linear frequency dependency. This variation in input impedance is the result of gate poly-silicon depletion, which can be modeled by an external RC network connected at the gate of the device. Excellent agreement between the simulation results and the measured data validates the model in the device active region for 1-20GHz frequency range. The gate impedance model is further modified by incorporating parasitic effects, extending its range to 200MHz-20GHz. This model performs accurately for 180 run, 110 nm and 90 nm technologies at different bias conditions and dimensions. The model and model parameter behavior are consistent across technology nodes thereby enabling re-usability and portability. The accuracy of this new gate impedance model is demonstrated in various applications: to validate the model extraction techniques for different device configurations, to assess the input data run-length variations on CML buffer performance and to estimate the jitter in ring oscillators

THE PROSPECTS OF GOVERNMENT SPONSORED SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN ENHANCING LIVELIHOOD AMONG TRIBAL WOMEN: SOME OBSERVATIONS

Skills development is a key for stimulating sustainable development process and can make a contribution for facilitating the transition from the informal to the formal economy. Skills development is also essential to address the opportunities and challenges so as to meet new demands of changing economies and new technologies in the context of globalization. Skills development for marginalized section makes inclusive progress of the society. The inclusive growth aims to ensure that high rates of economic growth translate into improved standards of living for all citizens; especially those belong to marginalized sections and those who face discrimination on basis of their gender. To achieve inclusive development, one has to understand the skills of individuals and encourage it. Through skills development, one can achieve empowerment. The skills development can provide employment opportunities which in turn provide economic independence. The employment opportunities can be in either public sector or private sector. Skills and knowledge are key drivers of macro-economic growth and socio-economic stability. This paper discusses the Skills development initiatives taken up by the government of India by examining its positive impact and further its importance in enhancing the livelihood options of tribal people with special reference to tribal women. The paper highlights the findings of several researchers who have asserted the need for skills development and entrepreneurial activities among tribal wome

Traumatic Experiences: Doldrums and Anguish in the Select Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro

The paper mainly aims to explore the traumatic experiences including pains, pangs of suffering, loss, and anguish of the protagonists’ past lives in Kazuo Ishiguro's novels The Remains of the Day, Never Let Me Go, and The Unconsoled. Though they recollect their memories, they do not narrate them directly in the novels. The objective of the paper is to bring out how each protagonist uncovers their own traumatic experiences slowly through other characters in the novel is explained. The paper also examines the representations of emotions in the notions of nostalgia, narrative, and trauma as how the protagonists of each novel suppressed their emotions for so long in their life and why did they do that is mentioned. Ishiguro’s characters in the novels have projected different aspects of human life. Mainly the existence of suffering is examined from the existentialist point of view with the purpose to accept whatever happened in the character’s life as it is without complaining about them

Society in Na. Muthukumar's Poetry

Tamil literature serves as a reflection of individual human life. The individual exists within society, and literature evolves alongside societal changes. Na. Muthukumar addresses social themes in his poetry. For society to prosper, family relationships must also thrive. His poetry effectively captures these ideas. Additionally, his works are easy to understand. Beyond individual influence, literature shapes new ways of living. Humanity endures, but each person's discipline and culture vary. This article illustrates the connection between society and individual actions

3-Level Integrated Telemedicine Network for Improving Healthcare Access to Rural India

In a country like India, with its huge population, diverse landmass and where there is a shortage of qualified health workers and specialists in rural areas, telemedicine is going to be the most optimal solution to deliver expert advice from a central part to remotest corners of the country. In addition, as Indians spend most of their out-of-pocket health expenses on travel and accommodation in order to receive specialty treatments, Telemedicine will turn out to be the cheap and fast, as well as bridge the rural–urban health divides. With its huge strides in the medical field and expertise in ICT, India holds a great promise to become a leader in the field of telemedicine. There have been various efforts by disparate entities like ISRO, C-DAC, DRDO, and Apollo Hospitals and so on, which now needs a uniform, coordinated efforts and a larger participation from other players in the field of medicine and ICT. This paper proposes a 3-Level Integrated Telemedicine Network Infrastructure which would pave the way for an integrated telemedicine network in India