3,583 research outputs found
Shopper Questionnaire Surveys at Convenience Foodstores in West Yorkshire
This report sets out the preliminary findings of a series of
questionnaire shopper surveys at five convenience foodstores in
West Yorkshire. The surveys, which form the second phase of a
current research study, followed an earlier series of surveys,
the results of which were given in a report produced earlier this
year 1 .
The questionnaire surveys were carried out in May-June 1983
and the information obtained comprised that on the shopper and
shopper's household together with trip, travel mode and
attitudinal data
Parking and Vehicle Activity Surveys at Large Convenience Foodstores in West Yorkshire: Results and Guidelines for Design
This report sets out the main results and conclusions of a series of vehicular activity,and parking surveys at thirteen convenience food stores in West Yorkshire. The surveys, carried out in the period February - June 1982, were undertaken at stores ranging from a typical high street supermarket to large superstores. Data on vehicular flows and-parking indices were obtained at twelve stores; in addition registration number surveys were completed at three stores to allow customer parking durations to be determined
Restoring the mauri of coastal dune lake ecosystems : the case study of Lake Waiorongomai, Ōtaki, Aotearoa/New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Resource and Environmental Planning, at Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa/New Zealand
The following Figures have been removed for copyright reasons but may be accessed via their sources listed in the bibliography (page numbers in the captions):
1.2.1 (p.13); 2.2.1 (p.48); 4.2.3 (p.166); 4.2.4 (p.168); 4.3.1 (p.184); 4.3.4 (p.191); 4.3.5 (p.194); 4.3.6 (p.198); 4.3.7 (p.203); 4.3.8 (p.205); 4.3.9 (p.208); 6.0.1 (p.326); & 6.3.11 (p.392).This doctoral thesis documents and analyses a six-year, hapū-led, iwi-and
community-supported, kaupapa-Māori-based (Māori-cultural-values-based) project that
resulted in the transformative change of a dune lake ecosystem (which included people
i.e., a whānau Māori ecosystem).
Lake Waiorongomai, just north of Ōtaki, is a culturally-significant ancestral landscape
and wāhi tapu (sacred site) for local whānau (extended families), hapū (sub-tribes) and
iwi (tribes). The mana (prestige), mauri (life force) and ecological wellbeing of this
wāhi tapu was diminished as a result of forest clearance, hydrological modification of
the lake catchment, and the effects of pastoral farming activities. Attempts over the last
three decades to bring Māori land owners and hapū members together to re-instate the
mana and mauri of the dune lake ecosystem met with limited success. This thesis
documents and seeks to better understand: (i) the conditions that gave rise to a
successful restoration project; and (ii) the factors that empowered this hapū-led project.
The study shows that conditions that contributed to a successful project involved: (i)
collective land owner, local hapū and iwi support; (ii) a kaupapa Māori approach; (iii)
project activities guided by the expression of rangatiratanga (sovereignty) and the
contributions of a kaitiaki team who were appointed by hapū members; and (iv) the
engagement of a kaupapa Māori researcher to support the hapū initiative and their
revitalisation aspirations.
Transformative change in this case study was change that had positive effects on
physical, cultural, social, psychological and spiritual wellbeing. In the Lake
Waiorongomai restoration project, the outcomes that had positive effects for the whānau Māori ecosystem include, but are not limited to: (i) fencing the lake with a 50m riparian
margin; (ii) fencing the Waiorongomai Stream with a 10m riparian margin; (iii)
community involvement in planting more than 3000 native plants, translocating over
1000 harakeke (swamp flax), and trapping over 100 pests (including stoats and ferrets);
and (iv) reconnection of whānau and hapū members to the lake, through regular
wānanga and ongoing restoration activities such as winter planting days. The habitat
within the lake and surrounding wetlands provided opportunities to observe amongst
other things threatened species such as the tiny button daisy, raoriki (swamp buttercup),
fennel-leaved pond weed, matuku (bittern), kotuku ngutupapa (royal spoonbill), kotuku
(white heron), parera (grey ducks), weweia (dab chicks) and pūweto (spotless crake).
The improvement in the wellbeing of two species, inanga (whitebait) and watercress,
over the course of the study is of particular note, since these species hold customary
value for whānau and hapū.
A central focus of this research is the relationship that ecological wellbeing and whānau,
hapū, iwi wellbeing are inextricably linked. In summary, this hapū-led, community
supported project took initial, confident steps in reclaiming, reframing and re-instating
the mana and mauri of this whānau Māori ecosystem.
This thesis argues that transformative changes were generated by empowering factors
that were closely linked with: (i) the creation of a project space that allowed the free
expression of kaupapa and tikanga (customs) in a socially and culturally mediated
journey; (ii) whānau and hapū members’ expressions of kaupapa and tikanga that
enhanced the success of this project; (iii) contributions of iwi members, councils and the
wider community; (iv) the sharing and developing of mātauranga (knowledge)
including through the involvement of learning institutes (e.g. whare wānanga, kura
kaupapa, kōhanga reo and university students); and (v) a synthesis of Māori and Western restoration and research methods (including ecological monitoring). These
empowering factors assisted in affirming to local hapū members that their expressions
of kaupapa and tikanga were crucial in generating initial lake ecosystem wellbeing
improvements including the enhancement of mauri.
Two key lessons can be drawn from the role of these various factors in transformative
change. First, no individual contribution was enough to ensure the success of the
restoration. However, when a safe kaupapa and tikanga space was created for the
inclusion of all contributors, the total effect was more than the sum of the individual
parts (i.e., a synergistic outcome resulted). Second, the results indicate that it is highly
unlikely that a Western methodological approach on its own would have been as
successful in achieving a project outcome of this kind. A comparison of the key
characteristics of kaupapa Māori and action research showed that a kaupapa Māori
research methodology was the most appropriate for this case study. As such, this thesis
may enhance current action research theory and method by showing how it could be
responsive to cultural values, knowledge, customs and language in a real-world, wicked
problem context of this kind.
In documenting and exploring the various conditions and factors that made this
restoration project possible, this thesis provides environmental planners and policy
makers a real-world window into how transformative and progressive communityecosystem
outcomes can be achieved in a Māori cultural context through the use of a
kaupapa Māori approach
The social construction of formal adult cautioning by police: an ethnographic study
Since its official introduction in England and Wales during 1985, the formal cautioning of adult offenders by police has grown to become a significant mechanism by which certain offenders are diverted from the criminal justice system. Currently some 30% of adult male offenders and 45% of adult female offenders arrested by the police are dealt with in this way. Cautioning is a procedural mechanism by which the police, contingent upon their adherence to the provisions of national guidelines, can elect to deal with certain criminal cases by means other than prosecution. Instead, they can choose to 'divert' the suspect from the court system by administering a formal caution; signed for by the suspect; often accompanied by verbal censure by a senior police officer; recordable on centralised police criminal indices; subject to the allocation of a CRO (criminal records office) number and citable in any subsequent court proceedings as a previous finding of guilt. The official rhetoric of cautioning espouses the virtues of benevolence through the provision of a second-chance for first time and petty offenders, allowing them to turn away from further offending, as well as efficiency through the speedy and timely management and disposal of cases not considered to be in the public interest to prosecute. But the burgeoning use of formal cautioning by the police has created problems of inconsistency, inequity and misapplication through repeat cautioning and its inappropriate use in cases of serious crime such as rape and murder. The fundamental principles of cautioning have also been criticised for eroding a suspect's due process rights such as the right to trial, the right to have prosecution evidence rigorously tested through an adversarial process that secures the right to legal counsel, a process that demands proof beyond reasonable doubt and which is subject to external review through an appeals process. These safeguards are almost completely absent with cautioning. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which police cautioning decisions are regulated have also been found wanting following research that suggests that the national guidelines are poorly defined, non-prioritised and provide for excessive latitude for police decision makers. This research project is an investigation into both the theory and practice of formal adult cautioning by the police. At its centre is a two-year covert participant observational study of the police work-world and of the ways in which cautioning, as intentional social action, draws meaning from and can be located within this occupational culture. Building upon a comprehensive review of available literature and consideration of the methodological and ethical issues created by the research, the thesis sets out to examine the true nature of the cautioning of adult offenders by the police in its natural setting - the custody office - and uses data drawn from officer and suspect interactions as the basis for a detailed analysis of how, why and by whom cautioning decisions actually come to be made. From this analysis conclusions have been drawn and recommendations made concerning how this disposal method might develop in the future and how existing problems might be overcome leading to a new, more consistent and equitable system of cautioning
Associating places: strategies for live, site specific, sound art performance
Claims for originality in this thesis lie in bringing together many different disciplines in art, music, sound studies and performance. The methodology, contextually indebted to the dialogues of site specific art, performance, and sound improvisation, has emerged as a multi-disciplinary one, informed in part by the study of those artists from the 1960s onwards who actively sought to resist the gallery system. The practice has driven the thesis in developing and continuously testing the requirement to respond uniquely to chosen sites. By using relevant references, instruments, and sonified materials, a compulsion to convey something of the particularity of the site’s associations through sound, is performed on site.
In the course of considering the wider implications of a site through both the sound performances and the critical writing, I propose that there are essentially three aspects to identify when working with sound on site. I define these as:
the actual
the activated
the associative
The first aspect describes what is essentially inherent to the place, the second what can be encouraged to be ‘sounded’ through physical intervention, and the third outlines and forms what I have coined as the wider material of the site. This term draws on any relevant aspects of the social, physical, historical, anecdotal, and aural associations that a site may proffer.
However, it is the notion of the associative that primarily informs the research by providing a methodology for the practice and in proposing a new paradigm of a live, site specific, performed, sound art work. The twenty or so works in the portfolio undertaken hitherto have existed not only as live performances but also in virtual and physical documentation, critical 4 analyses, and in the potential possibilities brought to the form by the response of others.
By addressing this new taxonomy of approach in defining the actual, the activated and the associative as a kind of aural ground to the site (borrowing a term from painting), significant live sound art works have been developed to temporarily inhabit a space by exploring this latent material of the site
Metalliferous Biosignatures for Deep Subsurface Microbial Activity
Acknowledgments We thank the British Geological Survey (BGS) for the provision of samples and the Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant (ST/L001233/1) for PhD funding which aided this project. Research on selenium in reduction spheroids was also supported by NERC grants (NE/L001764/1 and NE/ M010953/1). The University of Aberdeen Raman facility was funded by the BBSRC. We also thank John Still for invaluable technical assistance.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Gold in Devono-Carboniferous red beds of northern Britain
We are grateful to D. Craw and an anonymous reviewer for comments that helped to clarify the paper. Research was funded by NERC grants NE/L001764/1 and NE/M010953/1.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Molecular Genetic Cancer Screening: Role of Prediction of Colorectal Disease in the Clinic Setting
Colorectal Cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths (ACS, 2019). Colonoscopy screening can prevent colon cancer by early detection and removal of adenomatous colon polyps. The ACS has been lowered from age 50 to 45 due to an increase in the prevalence of colon cancer in people below the age of 50 years of age. Molecular genetic screening is a tool that providers can use to identify patients who are at risk for premature adenomas. People who have a genetic variant are more likely to develop adenomas at a young age and have a faster adenoma to adenocarcinoma conversions time. The purpose of this study is to identify if hereditary genetic screening has a positive or negative predictive value on patients who present below the screening age and have the presence of adenomas on a colonoscopy. This is a prospective study evaluated if a hereditary cancer screening assessment was a viable tool to identify patients who were at risk for early adenomas. A total of 150 charts were reviewed. The mean age of the participants was 40 years old, gender distribution (39.3%) female and (60.7%) male, average BMI was 32.85, with 76.7% non-smokers and 23% smokers. There was no statistically significant relationship found between patients who answered positive for a personal family history of colon cancer, first degree family history, and extended family history. There was a statistically significant correlation with patients who answered positive to a second-degree family history. Limitations of the study include small sample size, Participant recall or knowledge of family history and accuracy of the genetic screening process. Doctorally Prepared Nurses serve as leader working at the top of their education doing research to improve patient care outcomes. Nurse practitioners are a vital member of the healthcare team
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